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简介
这是一个关于特发性肺纤维化诊治进展PPT课件,这个ppt包含了特发性间质性肺炎分类的变迁,IPF2011指南概述,IPF的诊断,IPF的治疗,IIP的新分类方法,流行病学,定义等内容。原因不明、出现在成人、局限于肺、进行性致纤维化的间质性肺炎,其组织病理学和放射学表现为普通型间质性肺炎( usual interstitial pneumonia,UIP) 与2000 年IPF 的定义相比较, 2011 指南在IPF 的定义中保留组织病理学表现为UIP 型的内容,但首次将放射学表现为UIP 型写入IPF 的定义,强调识别高分辨率CT( highresolution computed tomography,HRCT) 的UIP 型表现的重要性,欢迎点击下载特发性肺纤维化诊治进展PPT课件哦。
特发性肺纤维化诊治进展PPT课件是由红软PPT免费下载网推荐的一款疾病PPT类型的PowerPoint.
特发性肺纤维化诊治新进展
特发性间质性肺炎分类的变迁
经历过三个重要的阶段
1969年病理学家Liebow根据不同的组织学表现把慢性间质性 肺炎分为五型:
寻常型间质性肺炎(UIP)
脱屑型间质性肺炎(DIP)
淋巴细胞型间质性肺炎(LIP)
巨细胞型间质性肺炎(GIP)
细支气管炎伴间质性肺炎(BIP)
特发性间质性肺炎分类的变迁
2002年美国胸科学会和欧洲呼吸学会共同协商,统一公布了新的分类法
并根据临床相对的发病率,排列如下:
特发性肺纤维化(IPF)
非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP)
隐源性机化性肺炎(COP)
急性间质性肺炎(AIP)
呼吸性细支气管炎并间质性肺病(RBILD)
脱屑型间质性肺炎
淋巴细胞型间质性肺炎
2013年美国胸科学会和欧洲呼吸学会再次对特发性间质性肺炎的分类进行了重新修订
这次新分类把特发性间质性肺炎分为三个大类:
主要的
罕见的
不可分类
IPF诊治指南新进展
2000 年美国胸科学会/欧洲呼吸学会( ATS /ERS) 发表了特发性肺纤维化( idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,IPF) 诊断和治疗的共识
历经11 年,IPF 的临床和基础研究均取得了许多重要进展
2011指南
美国胸科学会(ATS)、欧洲呼吸学会(ERS) 、日本呼吸学会(JRS )和拉丁美洲胸科学会(ALAT)
间质性肺疾病(ILD) 、特发性间质性肺炎(IIP) 和IPF领域的著名专家
2010 年5 月前有关IPF 的文献(第一部以循证为基础的IPF 诊断和治疗指南)
专家委员会
IPF和间质性肺疾病领域的公认专家(24位呼吸内科医生,4位放射科医生和4位病理科医生)
4位方法学家
1位图书馆长
2位具有丰富检索肺部疾病文献经验的图书馆员
指南结构
IPF的定义、流行病学资料、危险因素、自然病程、分期及预后、病程监测和未来发展方向。
采用了GRADE循证方法,对指南中涉及的所有问题进行了证据质量与推荐强度分级
IPF诊治指南新进展
定 义
原因不明、出现在成人、局限于肺、进行性致纤维化的间质性肺炎,其组织病理学和放射学表现为普通型间质性肺炎( usual interstitial pneumonia,UIP)
与2000 年IPF 的定义相比较, 2011 指南在IPF 的定义中保留组织病理学表现为UIP 型的内容,但首次将放射学表现为UIP 型写入IPF 的定义,强调识别高分辨率CT( highresolution computed tomography,HRCT) 的UIP 型表现的重要性
准确发病率和流行情况尚不清楚
UIP
2011 指南对UIP 型HRCT 和组织病理学定义提出详细分级诊断标准,强调根据HRCT 的UIP 型特点可作为独立的IPF 诊断手段
UIP 型的HRCT 特征:
双侧、外周、下肺基底部为主的网状影
数量不等、范围有限的磨玻璃影
病变较重的部位,通常有牵拉性支气管和细支气管扩张,和/或蜂窝样变
HRCT上UIP的特征
胸膜下和肺基底部分布为主
网格状阴影
蜂窝影,常伴有牵张性支气管扩张,尤其是蜂窝影对IPF的诊断有很重要的意义。
HRCT上的蜂窝影指成簇的囊泡样气腔,蜂窝壁边界清楚。囊泡直径在3~10 mm之间,偶尔可大至25 mm
无不符合UIP型项目
2011 指南强调由富有ILD 诊断经验的肺病学专家、放射学专家、病理学专家之间多学科讨论( multidisciplinary discussions,MDD) 在IPF 诊断中的重要性,特别是在HRCT和病理组织学型不一致的病人
2011 指南
IPF 诊断标准如下:
(1) 除外其他已知原因的ILD( 如家庭环境、职业环境暴露、结缔组织病、药物肺毒性损害)
(2) HRCT 表现为UIP 型患者不需要外科肺活检
(3) HRCT 表现和外科肺活检组织病理学表现型符合HRCT 和组织病理学表现的特定组合
2011 指南
诊断不再需要经支气管镜肺活检或支气管肺泡灌洗细胞分析
BALF最主要的作用是排除慢性外源性过敏性肺泡炎
BALF中淋巴细胞增多(≥40%)时应该考虑慢性外源性过敏性肺泡炎的可能
HRCT表现为UIP型的患者中,有8%的患者通过BALF分析更改了诊断
推荐意见:绝大多数IPF患者的诊断流程中不应该进行BALF细胞学分析,但可能适用于少数患者(弱推荐,低质量证据)
2011 指南
建议在IPF 诊断中进行结缔组织病血清学检测
结缔组织疾病可以出现UIP型表现,ILD可以作为某些结缔组织疾病的唯一临床表现先于其他临床症状出现
推荐意见:绝大多数疑诊的IPF患者应该进行结缔组织疾病相关的血清学检测,但可能不适用于少数患者(弱推荐,很低质量证据)
类风湿因子、抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体、抗核抗体滴度和模式、抗合成酶抗体、肌酸激酶、醛缩酶、SSA、SSB、抗硬皮病抗体
2011 指南
并没有列入肺功能: IPF 患者肺功能检测也可能是正常
除特殊需要外,不建议使用TBLB: 对结节病等肉芽肿性疾病进行TBLB检查有利于诊断,但HRCT表现为UIP者则基本能够排除这些疾病,且进行该项检查能增加IPF急性加重的风险
提示预后不良的相关因素和指标:
肺活检标本中成纤维细胞病灶数量,
用力肺活量( FVC) 和肺一氧化碳弥散量( DLCO) 下降,
6 分钟步行试验中氧饱和度下降的程度,
HRCT 的肺纤维化和蜂窝程度,
肺功能和影像学指标的综合评分系统( CPI) ,
血清表面活性蛋白A 和D 浓度的升高,
血清和BALF 生物学标记物(KL-6、SP-A 和D、 CCL18、MMP 和纤维细胞)
合并肺气肿、肺动脉高压
IPF的自然病程
回顾性纵向研究结果提示,IPF患者从确诊到死亡的中位生存时间为2~3年
但从最近纳入临床试验的基础肺功能尚可的IPF患者的临床资料来看,中位生存期可能大于2~3年
IPF急性加重的诊断标准
1个月内出现不能解释的呼吸困难加重
存在低氧血症的客观证据
影像学表现为新近出现的肺部浸润影
除外其他诊断(如感染、肺栓塞、气胸或心力衰竭)
急性加重可在IPF病程任何时候发生,有时还是本病首发症状;临床表现为咳嗽加重,发热,伴或不伴有痰量增加
每年约5% 一10% 的IPF患者会发生急性呼吸功能恶化
IPF诊治指南新进展
缺乏有效治疗方法① 皮质激素 ② 免疫抑制药物/细胞毒药物③ 抗纤维化药物可单独或联合应用
Completed Trials for IPF
Active or New Trials for IPF
IPF诊治指南新进展
Schedule of IIP classification project
May, 2010 – ATS/New Orleans
September, 2010 – ERS/Barcelona
January, 2011 – Writing committee, NYC
April, 2011 – Modena, Italy
May, 2011 – ATS/Denver
September, 2011 – ERS/Amsterdam
January, 2012 – Writing committee, NYC
April, 2012 – Final draft submitted
September, 2012 – Submission of revision
Members of the ATS/ERS Committee on IIP
William Travis, MD. (Chair)
Talmadge E. King, Jr., MD, (Co-Chair)
Ulrich Costabel, (Co-Chair)
Athol Wells, (Co-Chair)
PULMONARY (17+4)
Jay H. Ryu, USA (Subcommittee Chair)
Jurgen Behr, Germany
Demosthenes Bouros, Greece
Kevin Brown, USA
Harold Collard, USA
Carlos Robalo Cordeiro, Portugal
Vincent Cottin, France
Marjolein Drent, The Netherlands
Jim Egan, Ireland
Kevin Flaherty, USA
Travis, WD
Yoshikazu Inoue, Japan
Dong Soon Kim, Korea
Fernando Martinez, USA
Ganesh Raghu, USA
Luca Richeldi, Italy
Dominique Valeyre, France
RADIOLOGY
David Hansell, United Kingdom (Subcommittee co-chair)
David Lynch, USA (Subcommittee co-chair)
Takeshi Johkoh, Japan
Nicola Sverzellati, Italy
PATHOLOGY
Andrew Nicholson, United Kingdom (Subcommittee Chair)
Thomas V. Colby, USA
Masanori Kitaichi, Japan
Jeffrey Myers, USA
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Moises Selman, Mexico (Subcommittee chair)
Bruno Crestani, France
Cory Hogaboam, USA
James Loyd, USA
EVIDENCE BASED ANALYSIS
Christopher Ryerson, Canada (Subcommittee chair)
Jeffrey Swigris, USA
REFERENCE LIBRARIANS
Rosalind F. Dudden, M.L.S.
Shandra Protzko, M.L.S.
新分类方案与2002年IIP专家共识的区别
(1)明确了特发性NSIP(iNSIP)是一种独立的临床病理的类型,其临床过程呈高度异质性;
idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) is now accepted as a distinct clinical entity with removal of the term “provisional”
新分类方案与2002年IIP专家共识的区别
(2)收集了更多的吸烟相关性间质性肺病的信息,特别是肺气肿合并肺纤维化(including patients with combined emphysema and interstitial fibrosis.CEPF);
In clinical practice, respiratory bronchiolitis–interstitial lung disease is increasingly diagnosed without surgical lung biopsy in smokers on the basis of clinical and imaging features (ground-glass opacities and centrilobular nodules) and bronchoalveolar lavage (smoker’s macrophages and absence of lymphocytosis).
新分类方案与2002年IIP专家共识的区别
(3)认为IPF自然病程多样性,可长期稳定,可快速进行性进展,可在病程中出现急性加重;
cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis is removed, leaving idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) as the sole clinical termfor this diagnosis
The major IIPs are grouped into
chronic fibrosing (IPF and NSIP),
smoking-related (respiratory bronchiolitis–interstitial lung disease [RB-ILD] and desquamative interstitial pneumonia [DIP),
and acute/subacute IIPs (cryptogenic organizing pneumonia [COP] and acute interstitial pneumonia [AIP]
新分类方案与2002年IIP专家共识的区别
(4)对慢性致纤维化性间质性肺炎(IPF及NSIP)的“急性加重(AE)”有了明确定义和描述
(5)首次明确提出部分IIP患者病理难以归入现有的IIP类型中(不能分类的IIP,often because of mixed patterns of lung injury). major IIPs are distinguished from rare IIPs and unclassifiable cases.
新分类方案与2002年IIP专家共识的区别
(6)提出IIP临床表现诊疗途径,尤其对没有病理诊断和HRCT不符合某一典型IIP影像学表现
It is recognized that there is a need to provide a clinical algorithm for classifying and managing IIP cases. This is particularly applicable when no biopsy is available and high-resolution computed tomography is not diagnostic
新分类方案与2002年IIP专家共识的区别
(7)提出了一种新的IIP类型-PPFE;
Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis is recognized as a specific rare entity, usually idiopathic. Other less well-defined histologic patterns, such as bronchiolocentric inflammation and fibrosis, are also included
(8)提出了某些分子生物学标记物和基因学研究结果可能对IIP的分类和诊断有一定帮助
NSIP
IPF 1 ,2, 3
NSIP 4,HRCT显示两下肺胸膜下磨玻璃影,小叶间隔增厚,伴牵引性支气管扩张
5NSIP,两下肺网状影,后胸膜下相对正常,有助于与IPF相鉴别
图6 RB-ILD,显示两肺磨玻璃影及小叶中心小结节(箭头)
Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). 4 months later
隐源性机化性肺炎(COP)
COP由Davison等 1983年提出
1985年,Epler等称本病为阻塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎(BOOP)。后这一称谓曾获得普遍接受
多数学者认为COP更符合本病的特点
临床表现
BOOP过程较轻,病程较短,一般2—10周,3/4病人<2周,只有24%病人症状持续1年以上。影象学图形以 “蝴蝶形”阴影为特征
激素治后多可完全恢复, 但泼尼松减量(15mg/d以下)或停用时, 部分患者在3个月内复发。故推荐激素至少应用6个月。
少部分患者可自愈, 极少发展为呼吸衰竭
BOOP in an 81-year-old woman. Thin-section CT scan obtained 1 cm below the level of the tracheal carina
AIP(急性间质性肺炎)临床表现
平均发病年龄为50岁
往往先有上呼吸道病毒感染史, 主诉肌痛、关节痛、畏寒、发热及乏力
数日后出现进行性劳力性呼吸困难。有肺实变征及广泛湿啰音
多在1个月内死亡,80%--90%半年内死亡
AIP in a 48-year-old woman.
呼吸性细支气管炎一间质性肺病(RB-ILD)
间质性肺病合并呼吸细支气管损害
呼吸细支气管炎RB是吸烟者的病变,多40一50岁重度吸烟者, 100%有长期吸烟史
特征为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级呼吸细支气管腔内充满大量含色素巨噬细胞
症状较轻, 仅少数有明显呼吸困难和低氧血症, 伴咳嗽、咳痰。通常无杵状指
含色素巨噬细胞充填肺泡, 故有人认为RBILD是DIP早期阶段
RBILD很少有蜂窝肺,X线表现为“脏肺 ”
RB-ILD : in a 47-year-old heavy cigarette smoker show moderately extensive ground-glass opacities and centrilobular nodules (circles).
脱屑性间质性肺炎(DIP)
肺泡内充填脱落的肺泡上皮细胞, 因而定名为DIP。现证实是巨噬细胞
病理与RBILD相似,肺泡内有褐色素巨噬细胞浸润
DIP与RBILD区别:病变更弥漫均一, 无细支气管中心性改变
有学者认为DIP是RBILD的终末阶段
戒烟后多数症状减轻,激素治疗反应良好,治疗后约70%病人能存活10年以上
DIP
肺泡腔内褐色素巨噬细胞浸润
肺泡隔略增厚
病变更弥漫均一
DIP
外周磨玻璃影及部分囊状影
DIP
HRCT of a patient with DIP, demonstrating bilateral areas of ground-glass opacity.
7 DIP患者,HRCT显示两肺外周磨玻璃影及小叶间隔增厚
8 COP患者,两肺外周灶性实变影及磨玻璃影,内可见支气管充气征
9 COP患者,右下叶反晕征(病灶中心呈磨玻璃密度,外周为实变影)
10 AIP患者,CT显示两肺广泛磨玻璃影,右肺可见少许实变影
11 LIP患者,两肺广泛淡磨玻璃影,沿胸膜及血管可见些许小囊状影。
肺泡壁有淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润,肺泡腔内有大量淋巴细胞
Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞增生。
常见有生发中心的淋巴滤泡。可有非坏死性肉芽肿及肺泡腔机化
发病高峰40—50岁
女多于男
LIP临床上多与干燥综合症并存
对糖皮质激素反应较好,预后比IPF明显为好
特发性胸膜肺纤维弹性组织增生症
Idiopathic Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis
PPFE is a rare condition that consists of fibrosis involving the pleura and subpleural lung parenchyma, predominantly in the upper lobes.
HRCT shows dense subpleural consolidation with traction bronchiectasis, architectural distortion, and upper lobe volume loss.
特发性胸膜肺纤维弹性组织增生症
The fibrosis is elastotic弹性纤维状, and intraalveolar fibrosis is present .
It presents in adults with a median age of 57 years and has no sex predilection.
Approximately half of patients have experienced recurrent infections.
Pneumothorax气胸 is common.
A minority has familial interstitial lung disease and nonspecific autoantibodies. Histologically, biopsies may show mild changes of PPFE or other patterns such as UIP.
Disease progression occursin 60% of patients with death from disease in 40%
Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis
(A)High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) through the upper lobes shows irregular pleural-based opacities and a reticular pattern associated with parenchymal distortion. The pleura and lungs in the lower lobes appeared normal.
(B) Section through the upper lobes shows scattered分散的 pleuroparenchymal opacities and some distortion变形 of the underlying lung parenchyma. In the lower lobes there was no pleural irregularity, but there was a subtle微妙的 subpleural reticular pattern.
PPFE患者,HRCT显示两肺尖胸膜下小灶性致密影,伴牵引性 细支气管扩张,右上叶容积缩小,胸膜增厚
Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis.
(A) Low power shows pleural thickening and subpleural fibrosis.
(B) Dense masses of elastic fibers are highlighted beneath the fibrotically thickened pleura (elastic 弹性的stain).
少见病,但未被列入疾病分类
Rare histologic interstitial pneumonia patterns have been described and these were not included as new IIP entities because of questions concerning whether they are variants of existing IIPs or exist only in association with other conditions such as HP or CVD.
急性纤维素性机化性肺炎Acute Fibrinous and Organizing Pneumonia
AFOP was first reported in 17 patients with acute respiratory failure and initially regarded to represent a possible new IIP. The principal HRCT findings are bilateral basal opacities and areas of consolidation
急性纤维素性机化性肺炎
The dominant histologic pattern is intraalveolar fibrin deposition and associated organizing pneumonia. Classical hyaline 透明的membranes of DAD are absent.
急性纤维素性机化性肺炎
AFOP may represent a histologic pattern that can occur in the clinical spectrum of DAD(diffuse alveolar damage) and OP(organizing pneumonia) or it may reflect a tissue sampling issue.
AFOP may be idiopathic or associated with CVD(Collagen Vascular Disease) , hypersensitivity pneumonitis , or drug reaction .
As this pattern can be seen in eosinophilic pneumonia, this diagnosis should be excluded by absence of tissue and peripheral eosinophilia.
气道中心性间质性肺炎Bronchiolocentric Patterns of Interstitial Pneumonia
最近文献报道了以特发性细支气管中心性间质性肺炎 ( i d i op a t h i c b r on c h i o l o c e n t r i c i n t e r s t i t i a l p n e u mo n i a ,B r I P) 、 小叶中心性纤维化( c e n t r i l o b u l a r f i b r o s i s , C L F ) 、 气道中心性间质纤维化( a i r w a y c e n t e r ed i n t e r s t i t i a l f i b r os i s , A C I F ) 和细支气管化生( p e r i b r on c h i o l a r m e t a p l a s i a , P B M) 性间质性肺疾病( PBM— lED ) 命名的具有细支气管为中心的纤维化及炎性浸润为特征的ILD
气道中心性间质性肺炎
病理上缺乏 HP的典型病理特征——间质性肉芽肿
缺乏 U I P的明显胸膜下或外周小叶的纤维化和炎症
HRCTs in these cases were either normal or showed air trapping
多发生在女性; 预后也较差
没有已知的过敏、 职业粉尘、 药物或结缔组织疾病证据
One studly:environmental or occupational exposures in most cases
这些以细支气管为中心的间质性肺炎不同于既往已知的HP 、RBILD、 UIP等, 可能是一种新的间质性肺炎类型
不能分类IIP的原因
1. 临床、放射或病理学资料不充分;
2. 临床、放射或病理学发现存在显著不一致:
先前的治疗导致放射或病理学表现出现重要改变 , (如病理证实的 DIP 随着激素治疗后表现为残留NSIP表现)
出现不认识的表现或已认识的表现出现了不寻常的变异,而不能放在目前ATS/ERS分类中,(如OP表现同时伴有显著的纤维化)
同一个患者出现多种 HRCT和 / 或病理学类型
不能分类IIP的原因
Cases that are “unclassifiable” in terms of overlap of histologic patterns often prove to be related to CVD (e.g., interstitial pneumonia and follicular小囊的 bronchiolitis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis) or drug induced,
If ILD is difficult, or impossible, to classify, management should be based on the most probable diagnosis after MDD and consideration of the expected disease behavior
根据疾病行为提出实用的临床分类
CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE BEHAVIOR
This approach is most useful in unclassifiable cases and for some IIPs, such as NSIP, that can be associated with all five patterns of disease behavior.
This disease behavior classification is complementary补充 to the IIP classification
Should not be used as a justification for delaying SLB(surgical lung biopsy). Such delays increase the risk of surgical complications and may result in inappropriate management.
This classification system needs to be validated证实 for practicality and clinical relevance
根据疾病行为提出了实用的临床分类
Historically既往, the primary question has been “what is the diagnosis”?
Pragmatically实用上, the primary question is “what are you going to do about it”?
临床分类的综合考量因素-1
疾病预后:虽然ILD病因不同,临床表现各异,但疾病预后大致可归纳如下:
自限性炎症
稳定性纤维化
炎症为主伴有不同程度纤维化
进行性纤维化可逐渐达到稳定状态
不可终止的纤维化
临床分类的综合考量因素-2
疾病和患者的特征:
诊断
病因
主要的形态学异常
疾病严重程度
疾病的动态改变
患者个人情况
临床分类的综合考量因素-3
处理方法: 对不同预后疾病采取不同临床策略:
观察:自限性炎症/稳定性纤维化
积极治疗,达到目标后,维持治疗结果:炎症为主(大部分可逆)伴有不同程度纤维化
治疗防止其进展:进行性进展有逐渐达到稳定状态可能的纤维化
治疗让其缓慢进展:不可终止的纤维化
IMPORTANT DIFFERENTIALDIAGNOSTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis过敏性肺炎
HRCT findings suggesting HP include centrilobular nodules, mosaic air-trapping, and upper lobe distribution
Biopsy findings suggesting HP include bronchiolocentric distribution and poorly formed granulomas
Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. (A) Axial and (B) coronal computed tomography (CT) reconstructions in a 76-year-old bird-keeper with progressive shortness of breath over 6 years show upper lung–predominant subpleural reticulation with some confluent汇合 areas of dense opacification,traction bronchiectasis, and patchy ground-glass opacities.Honeycombing is not identified
(C) Histology shows a bronchiolocentric
cellular and fibrosing interstitial pneumonia.
(D) There is a patchy cellular interstitial
infiltrate and poorly formed granulomas肉芽肿
Collagen Vascular Disease胶原血管病
CVD is a frequent cause of interstitial pneumonia patterns, especially NSIP. Clinical, serologic, HRCT, and histologic findings may be helpful in distinguishing IIPs from ILD associated with CVD . The extent of serologic evaluation to be performed in the evaluation of suspected IPF has been suggested previously . A substantial percentage of patients with NSIP have findings suggesting, but not meeting, criteria for a defined CVD
Familial Interstitial Pneumonia家族性间质性肺炎
IIPs have been reported in closely related family members in 2–20% of cases . These cases remain classified as IIPs despite the genetic predisposition倾向
Most FIP families (80%) have evidence of vertical transmission suggesting single autosomal常染色体 dominant mechanisms, but most responsible genes have not yet been identified
Familial IIPs can be indistinguishable难区分 from nonfamilial cases on HRCT and lung biopsy.
All patients with suspected IIP should therefore be questioned about relevant family history as this may guide gene mutation search, and management or evaluation of other family members
Coexisting Patterns
Different patterns may be seen in a single biopsy or in biopsies from multiple sites (e.g., usual interstitial pneumonia [UIP] in one lobe and NSIP in another), or when pathologic and HRCT patterns differ.
In smokers, multiple HRCT and histologic features may coexist including Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis, respiratory bronchiolitis (RB), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP), pulmonary fibrosis (UIP or NSIP), and emphysema
Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) is an example of coexisting patterns.
CPFE comprises a heterogeneous population of patients, not believed to represent a distinctive 独特IIP.
Patients with CPFE have increased risk of developing pulmonary hypertension, which portends预示 poor prognosis
IPF诊治指南新进展
BAL cellular analysis in ILD
ILD评价中,BAL细胞学分析作用存有争议
BAL 建议用于怀疑ILD病人,并强调以下3点:
1 灌洗部位应该根据6周内的HRCT选择
2 BAL细胞分类是常规检测项目、并根据临床需要进行细菌、病毒培养或细胞学等检查
3 淋巴细胞亚群分析不需常规进行
疑诊ILD者是否一定要进行BAL细胞学分析尚无定论,应据病人个体需要决定
由于数据有限,BAL在ILD诊治中作用仍需进一步探讨
BAL cellular analysis in ILD
HRCT表现为不典型UIP, BAL可能对诊断有所帮助
BAL中占优势的细胞(如淋巴细胞、嗜酸性细胞或中心粒细胞)可以帮助缩小鉴别诊断的范围
BAL细胞分类正常也不能除外肺部疾病
BAL 不足以独立用于ILD的分类,但恶性肿瘤和一些罕见ILD例外
BAL不能进行肯定的预后评价,也不能预测对治疗的反映
Multidimensional多维 index and staging system for IPF
预测参数: GAP :G=GENDER性别,A=AGE年龄,P=PHYSIOLOGY生理,包括FVC和DLCO.
据GAP计分进行分期:总分0-8分,将IPF分为3期并预测1年死亡率:
I期:GAP0-3分,1年死亡率为6%
II期:GAP4-5分,1年死亡率为16%
III期:GAP6-8分,1年死亡率为39%
此预测模型仅针对IPF,可帮助患者及早选择更优的治疗方案尤其是肺移植的时间窗
Serum biomarkers in risk prediction of ipf
Previously identified:
KL6,SPA and CCL18
Now(Richards and coworkers):
MMP7,ICAM1,VCAM1,IL8,and S100A12
Treatment of cough in IPF
很多ILD患者存在顽固性的咳嗽,而传统治疗慢性咳嗽的方法如治疗慢性鼻窦炎、胃食管反流症及镇咳治疗等对IPF患者咳嗽往往效果不佳
早期曾有初步研究沙利度胺对于IPF的治疗作用,意外发现沙利度胺对控制IPF患者咳嗽症状有显著效果。
约翰霍普金斯的Maureen Horton和同事设计了一个随机双盲对照交叉临床试验来验证其治疗效果
24个IPF伴慢性咳嗽患者
分别接受12周沙利度胺或安慰剂治疗
经过2周洗脱
两组患者交叉接受12周安慰剂或沙利度胺
Treatment of cough in IPF
沙利度胺治疗组患者咳嗽症状明显改善22%vs.2%。生活质量也有所改善
1/3患者有便秘症状,1/4患者出现头晕,但仅有3名患者因为副作用要求药物减量
结论:短期应用沙利度胺可改善IPF咳嗽症状
研究背景与目的
由于凝血反应与纤维增殖有一定的联系
一项小样本的随机对照临床试验提示华法林、低分子肝素抗凝治疗有可能降低IPF死亡率
NIH资助的IPF临床研究小组就设计了这样一项针对华法林治疗IPF的“随机双盲对照”临床试验
目的:探讨华法林对IPF进展的影响,如:能否降低死亡率、住院率和肺活量的减低等
研究结果
研究预计共入组256个IPF患者,但仅纳入146例时即提前终止入组
研究结果提示华法林对进展期IPF患者并无受益
且在没有其它抗凝指征的IPF患者中应用华法林治疗甚至可能增加死亡风险
研究结论
不推荐华法林用于常规治疗IPF
但中风、房颤等需要抗凝治疗的IPF病例仍有其应用价值
145 patients enrolled
Study discontinued early because of increased mortality for warfarin group
14 warfarin versus 3 placebo deaths; P = 0.005
Mortality or hospitalization
higher for warfarin treated patients
PANTHER-IPF实验设计
观察指标
主要终点:
FVC变化/60周
次要终点:
病死率、死亡时间
急性加重频率、疾病进展等
观察指标
主要终点:
——FVC变化:
联合用药组下降–0.24 liters
安慰剂组下降 –0.23 liters
次要终点:
结论
与安慰剂比较,联合治疗组增加死亡和住院的风险,建议终止其治疗(32周)
不支持联合治疗
安慰剂和NAC组比较结果如何?—— 期待结果
Thank you!
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