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A Guide to English-Speaking Countries Chapter 2 History CONTENT 1.1 Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxons 1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD-5th Century) Julius Caesar (Gaius Julius Caesar， 恺撒大帝， 100 BC-44 BC) Changed the course of the history of the Greco-Roman world decisively and irreversibly. Launched a series of political and social reforms. Assassinated by a group of nobles. 1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion (5th-8th Century) Germanic people (the Jutes from Jutland， Angles from South of Denmark and Saxons from Germany) English (language of the Angles) dominant language Roman Christianity St. Augustine brings Christianity to Britain from Rome and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury 1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion (5th-8th Century) St. Augustine (圣奥古斯丁， ？-604/605) First archbishop of Canterbury and the apostle (传道者) of England， who founded the Christian church in southern England. Pope Gregory the Great chose him in 595 to lead a mission， usually known as the Gregorian mission， to Britain to Christianize the Kingdom of Kent. Converted many Anglo-Saxons to Roman Christianity. 1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century-1066) the Vikings (from the Scandinavian countries: Norway， Denmark and Sweden) Alfred the Great: king of Wessex Peace Treaty: The eastern half of the island was to be subject to the Danish law known as the Danelaw. From 1016 to 1042， under the rule of Danish kings In 1042， the English throne was returned to the Anglo-Saxons. 1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century-1066) Alfred the Great (阿尔弗雷德大帝， 871-899) He prevented England from falling to the Danes and promoted learning and literacy. Compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle began during his reign， c. 890. 1.1.6 The Norman Conquest Norman Conquest (诺曼征服) The military conquest of England by William， duke of Normandy. It is primarily effected by his decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings (Oct. 14， 1066) and results ultimately in profound political， administrative， and social changes in the British Isles. 1.2.1 Great Charter (Magna Carta) House of Anjou (安茹王朝， 1154-1485) 14 kings Also known as the House of Plantagenet (金雀花王朝) transforming England into one of the most mature kingdoms in Europe Major Events: the Magna Carta (大宪章)， Hundred Years’ War 1.2.1 Great Charter (Magna Carta) The Magna Carta A charter originally issued in Latin in the year 1215. The charter first passed into law in 1225; the 1297 version， with the long title (originally in Latin) "The Great Charter of the Liberties of England， and of the Liberties of the Forest，" still remains on the statute books of England and Wales. Contained 63 clauses. Significance townspeople—freedom of trade and self-government merchants and craftsmen—for the first time as a new political force part of the British Constitution today 1.2.3 Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) House of York (约克王朝) Younger branch of the House of Plantagenet (金雀花王朝) of England. reigned over England from 1461-1485 The symbol of the House of York was a white rose because in Christian symbolism， white is the symbol of light， typifying innocence and purity， joy and glory. House of Lancaster (兰开斯特王朝) a branch of the house of Plantagenet. The badge of the House of Lancaster was a red rose. It represents the Virgin Mary， who was often called the Mystical Rose of Heaven. It won the Wars of the Roses. 1.2.4 The War of the Roses (1455-1485) House of Tudor (都铎王朝) An English royal dynasty of Welsh origin， which ruled England from 1485 to 1603 Marked by Henry VIII‘s break with the papacy (教皇) in Rome (1534) and the beginning of the English Reformation The period witnessed the high point of the English Renaissance. 2.1 Religious Reformation King Henry VIII (1491-1547) King of England (1509-1547)， who presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation. His attempt to divorce his first wife is the immediate cause of the Reformation. In 1534， he declared himself to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England. 2.1 Religious Reformation Golden Age of English History England advanced in such areas as foreign trade， exploration， literature， and the arts. The age of exploration: claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods The American State， Virginia， is named after Queen Elizabeth. 2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution Bill of Rights (《人权法案》) Formally An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown (1689) passed by the Parliament in 1689 The main purpose: to declare illegal various practices of James II Significance: limiting the power of the monarch and guaranteeing the authority of Parliament 2.4 The Industrial Revolution Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) considered as the first global conflict in history involving most of the great powers of the time， such as Britain， France， Austria， Sweden， and Spain. Causes: overlapping interests in their colonial and trade empires between Britain and France， and territorial conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire 3.1 The Formation of the British Empire 3.2 Britain in the World Wars 3.2.1 World War I 3.2.2 World War II Winston Churchill (Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill， 1874-1965) British statesman， orator， and author. famous for his speeches—The famous line “I have nothing to offer but blood， toil， tears， and sweat” comes from his first speech as Prime Minister. As the Prime Minister (1940-45， 1951-55)， he rallied the British people during World War II and led Britain from the brink of defeat to victory. 4.1. “Three Majestic Circles” NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Military alliance established by the North Atlantic Treaty (also called the Washington Treaty) on April 4， 1949 During the Cold War—NATO's primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the Western Allies' military response to a possible invasion by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies (华约). In the post-Cold War era—to foster dialog and cooperation with former adversaries in the Warsaw Pact and to “manage” conflicts in Europe Britain joined the NATO in 1949. 4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Margaret Thatcher (玛格丽特·希尔达·撒切尔， 1925-2013) Britain's first female prime minister who served three consecutive terms in office (1979-1990). the "Iron Lady"， a nickname that became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. She accelerated the evolution of the British economy from statism (国家主义) to liberalism. 4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Margaret Thatcher (玛格丽特·希尔达·撒切尔， 1925-2013) Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasized deregulation (放松管制)， flexible labor markets， the privatization of state-owned companies， and reducing the power and influence of trade unions. Died of a stroke on April 8， 2013， at the age of 87. 4.2 “Special Relationship” with the US Tony Blair (Anthony Charles Lynton Blair， 1953- ) Served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997-2007. Pursued a more positive policy toward Europe yet refuse to adopt the euro in 1999. Strengthened the close relationship with the United States and joined the U.S. in many military actions， such as the “Operation Desert Storm” in 1991. 50 Things You Need to Know About British History In date order： Stonehenge 3100 BC Roman Invasion and Civilisation 43 AD St Augustine and Christianity 3th King Alfred the Great and the Doom Book 878 Battle of Hastings and Norman Conquest 1066 Magna Carta and trial by jury 1215 Declaration of Arbroath 1314 Canterbury Tales 1387-1400 Peasants’ Revolt 1381 The longbows at Agincourt 1415 50 Things You Need to Know About British History 50 Things You Need to Know About British History 50 Things You Need to Know About British History 50 Things You Need to Know About British History
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