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The United States of America Geography and People Contents Watch the following map carefully and find clues to the following items location (bordering neighbors ) States (the smallest & the largest state) Size and Location In the central part of North America (except Alaska and Hawaii) Canada on the north Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south Atlantic Ocean on the east Pacific Ocean on the west total area—9.5 million square kilometers; The whole country includes 50 states and a federal district， the District of Columbia—the seat of the Federal Government. States original 48 states Alaska and Hawaii became the 49th in 1867 and 50th states in 1959. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada Hawaii lies in the central Pacific Ocean Alaska—the largest (1717，854 sq km) Rhode Island—the smallest Texas—the largest on the mainland (695，621 sq km) 1. Three Geographical Divisions The Eastern Part The eastern part—the highlands formed by the Appalachian Range (阿巴拉挈亚山系). one sixth of the national territory relatively low， with an average altitude of 800 meters above sea level The Western Part High plateaus (高原) and mountains—formed by the Great Cordillera Range（科迪勒拉山系）， extending from Canada through the western part of the United States to Mexico and further south. One third of the country’s territory Rocky mountains with an average altitude of more than 3000 meters above sea levels. The Great Central Plain（中部大平原） Between the Appalachians in the east and the Rocky Mountains in the west half of America’s landmass on the continent stretch from the Great Lakes in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the south five great lakes and Niagara Falls The five Great Lakes: Lake Superior， Lake Michigan， Lake Huron， Lake Erie， Lake Ontario. Lake Superior: the largest freshwater lake of its kind Lake Michigan: wholly within United States Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉大瀑布) Niagara Falls 2. Main Geographical Regions New England including six states in the northeastern corner featured with mountains， valleys and rivers Massachusetts: the largest population Rhode Island: the smallest in size， the most densely populated state Not a farming area， poor soil Earliest settlers: English Protestants New ENGLAND The Middle Atlantic Region Six states ↗north: New England ↘south: the south region Important: a. ¼ population b. 1/3 products Marked by its industry， “Industrial Northeast”， many large factories Rich in minerals good soil + temperate climate= agriculture is important Many important cities: New York， Philadelphia The South Region a large section of US， including 11 states favorable climate→ agriculture， great profits by raising and selling cotton and tobacco The north: industrial (工业的) the south: agrarian (农业的，土地的) great size with few large cities New Orleans Miami Atlanta Birmingham The Midwest Region Includes 8 states Fertile soil→ abundant crops→ known as the country’s “breadbasket” Center: Chicago， Illinois， the third largest city Sears Tower: at 443 meters， one of world’s tallest buildings The Region of the Great Plains Include 6 states Marked by a. the smallest population b. few large cities c. vastness of flat land d. poor soil e. little rains in many parts Indians are natives here. 1/5 of the country’s Indians are now living in the state of Oklahoma. The West Region Occupy a vast area， including 11 states The area of the Rocky Mountains + all territory west to the Rocky Mountains as far as to the Pacific Ocean Mountainous area: much of the land， can not be cultivated↗ too high and mountainous ↘ too low and dry California dominates the whole region Principle cities: San Francisco， Los Angeles and Seattle Alaska In the northwestern part of North America As a world of glaciers(冰河)， waterfalls and lakes Fishing is the chief economy main agriculture output—seafood industrial outputs—crude petroleum(原油)， natural gas， precious metals， seafood processing， timber， and tourism， etc. Hawaii The climate here is comfortable and the temperature usually remains close to the average of 24 degrees centigrade Honolulu(火奴鲁鲁，檀香山): the capital， the largest city of the sate Pearl Harbor tourist business—largest source of income Hawaii 3.Rivers and Lakes In the system of Gulf: The Mississippi River the longest and the most important river in the system of the Gulf(墨西哥湾水系). Known as the “father of waters” to American Indians As Mark Twain was raised on the river， his most popular and important writings are concerned with this area．The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn （《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》）tells the story of how the boy Huckleberry Finn and his black friend Jim， a runaway slave， sailed down the Mississippi on a raft. In the system of the Pacific: the Columbia River and the Colorado River In the system of the Atlantic a. The Potomac River (波托马克河) flow through the capital， Washington b. The Hudson River (哈得孙河) linked by canals with the five Great Lakes flows through the state of New York Climate Majority: temperate Some: subtropical zones Only Florida and Hawaii: tropical 50 centimeter rainfall line in the east—comparatively more rains， so easy agriculture; in the west—much less rain (less than 50 cm. a year) with the exception of the coastal areas along the Pacific. Natural Resources rich in mineral resources among the countries with the greatest reserves of coal， iron ore and oil. abounds in lead， copper， zinc， aluminum， rock， silver， and gold. one fourth of the territory—covered with forests which mainly concentrate upon three areas: the area along the north western coast of the Pacific the area in the south the area in the north Major Cities When talking about America， is there any city that you are familiar with? And why? Tips: New York—commercial and financial center of the United States Washington D.C.—seat of the federal government Los Angles—second largest city Chicago—the windy city Seattle; Philadelphia; San Francisco; etc. 1. New York 1.1 Wall Street 1.2 World Trade Center The tallest building in the U.S. and the world composed of two buildings， twin structures， each rising 110 stories above the city’s streets & collapsed in September， 11， 2001. 1.3 Broadway Broadway is an avenue in Manhattan a symbol of the New York theatres surrounded by playhouses， first-run movies， night clubs， hotels and shops. 1.4 Statue of Liberty It pictures a woman who has escaping the chains of tyranny (the broken chains lie at her feet). Liberty's right hand holds a torch that is a symbol of liberty. Liberty was designed by the French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. The statue was re-assembled in the USA and was completed on October 28， 1886. The seven rays of Liberty's crown symbolize the seven continents of the world. Liberty holds a tablet in her left hand that reads "July 4， 1776" (in Roman numerals)， Independence Day of the United States of America. 2. Washington D.C. Washington Monument 2.1 White House 2.2 Capitol 国会大厦 The meeting place of the United States Congress， the legislature of the federal government of United States Located in Washington D.C.， it sits atop Capitol Hill. 3. San Francisco 4. Los Angels second largest city in the U.S. four times larger than San Francisco important electronic center known for the manufacture of tires， automobiles and aircraft. Since the first American movie was made in Los Angeles in 1908， the city has remained the film center of the United States. Hollywood is located in this city. The world famous Disneyland attracts millions of tourists every year. Disneyland has been built in California， Florida， Paris， Tokyo and Hong Kong. 5. Chicago the windy city; second most populous city after New York. Founded in the early 1800s—main connection between the east coast cities and the West. the largest industrial city in the country， with highly developed heavy and light industries the center of industry， transportation， commerce and finance in the Midwest area， also a culture center Sears Tower (西尔斯大厦) People The United States is the third most populous nation in the world， ranking behind China and India. According to the U. S. Census Bureau(美国人口普查局)， the resident population reached a milestone on Oct. 17， 2006， hitting 300 million. Population Uneven distribution The most densely populated region—the northeastern part About one quarter of the total land area， about half of the total population. The Great Plains—a comparatively small population. The South—a population of almost 57.5 million people. The West—not densely populated; 20% of the population except for some metropolitan centers like Los Angels， and San Francisco. Nation of Immigrants Race and ethnic groups The Indians The White Anglo-Saxons Protestants (WASP) The Black The Hispanics The Asian-Americans Indians About 10 million Indians in North America When Columbus arrived. Westward movement—the destruction of the Indians. Today about 2.4 million Indians About one-third of them live on reservations， land that was set-aside for them. The rest lives in cities. Poverty and unemployment are major problems， especially on the reservations. WASPs European descendants White Anglo-Saxon Protestants who were largely responsible for the winning of America’s independence. English—official language The Black About 8 million black people were brought to America from Africa as slaves from 1620 to 1820. work on plantations or large farms of the South. poor and suffer from poverty Today the black account for about 12% of the population Many of them live in the South and in the cities of Northeast and Midwest. Civil Rights Movement Segregation laws (隔离法) in Southern states in the US prevented black and white people from sitting together in movie theatres， eating in the same restaurants， drinking from the same water fountain， etc. Although these are not Amendment (补充法案）to the US Constitution， the US government would not declare the Southern laws unconstitutional until there were cases brought in the federal courts. The civil rights movements began when black people spontaneously protested segregation laws and created organizations to make the protests successful. Martin Luther King On August 28， 1963， he led over 250，000 Americans on a march in Washington D. C. to fight for the Civil Rights Law to guarantee equality for all people， and delivered his best-known speech “I Have a Dream” before the Lincoln Memorial . Thus he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. But he was tragically murdered four years later. By vote of Congress in 1968， the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in Martin Luther King’s honor. I Have a Dream I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi， a state sweltering with the heat of injustice， sweltering with the heat of oppression， will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day， down in Alabama， with its vicious racists， with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right down in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted， and every hill and mountain shall be made low， the rough places will be made plain， and the crooked places will be made straight， and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together. Hispanics —the Spanish-speaking population of the United States Puerto Ricans The island of Puerto Rico(波多黎各) has been an American possession since the Spanish-American war of 1899 and Puerto Ricans have been American citizens since 1917. Better job opportunities in the U.S. have drawn a large number of Puerto Ricans to the U.S.， the majority of whom have settled in the large cities in the eastern seaboard. Cuban Americans The Cuban-Americans who got away from Cuba after the Cuban Revolution in 1959 and are now gathered in the Miami area. In general， the Cuban-Americans have done the best economically. They left Cuba in the early 60s and， over the past 40 years， they have created a prosperous “little Cuba” in the Miami area. Asian immigrants—Chinese Among the Asian immigrants， the Chinese were the first Asians to come to the United States. Beginning in 1847， when young male peasants came to work in America in mines， on railroads， and in agricultural fields. Exclusion Act of 1882 which restricted further immigration of Chinese nationals was not removed until the end of World War II. Since that time the Chinese has moved into the mainstream of American society， and they are beginning to move into politics. Now the Chinese-Americans are about 800，000. They have proved to be industrious and intelligent. Many of them have found high-income positions. The employment rate and average income of Chinese-American families are now higher than the national average. They have come to be viewed as a "model minority"， clean and hard working. The Nobel Prize Winners of Chinese Descendent 李政道： 1926年生于上海，美籍华人，1957年获诺贝尔物理学奖，时年31岁； 杨振宁： 1922年生于安徽，美籍华人，1957年获获诺贝尔物理学奖，时年35岁； 丁肇中： 1936年生于美国，美籍华人，1976年获获诺贝尔物理学奖，时年40岁； 李远哲： 1936年生于台湾，美籍华人，1986年获诺贝尔获化学奖，时年50岁； 朱棣文： 1948年生于美国，美籍华人，1997年获诺贝尔获物理学奖，时年49岁； 崔 琦： 1939年生于河南，美籍华人，1998年获诺贝尔获物理学奖，时年59岁； 高行健： 1948年生于江西，法国国籍，2000年获诺贝尔文学奖，时年52岁。 Racial Assimilation
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