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这是头颈部肿瘤分子生物学基础ppt，包括了头颈部肿瘤概述，口腔肿瘤，新辅助化疗，2015 ASCO，流行病学，病因等内容，欢迎点击下载。
头颈部肿瘤分子生物学基础ppt是由红软PPT免费下载网推荐的一款生物课件PPT类型的PowerPoint.
刘 峰
2015.6.19
头颈部肿瘤概述
口腔肿瘤
新辅助化疗
2015 ASCO
流行病学
占全身恶性肿瘤的5％
第6大常见的恶性肿瘤
肿瘤相关死亡原因的第8位
头颈部肿瘤的患者有可能罹患第2个原发性的头颈部、肺部或食管的肿瘤
病因
吸烟和嗜酒
口咽癌：人乳头瘤病毒(HPV) 60-70%
鼻咽癌：EBV
Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 1;363(1):24-35.
头颈部肿瘤特点
90%以上EGFR过表达
以鳞癌为主
视、听、嗅觉、呼吸、发声、进食、容貌
局部结构复杂、险隘，安全边缘有限
“不可切除的病变” 没有定义
不同部位特点不同
喉癌：声门上区肿瘤在确诊时通常已经为局部晚期；但是声门区肿瘤发现时多为早期，治愈率非常高：约80%~90%
咽癌：大约60%的下咽部肿瘤患者已属局部晚期伴区域淋巴结转移，预后通常都很差
分期
唇部、口腔及口咽部肿瘤根据瘤体大小界定T分期
声门区、声门上区、喉咽及鼻咽部肿瘤根据各自亚区侵犯情况界定T分期
除了鼻咽癌的区域淋巴结（N）分期之外，对于不同部位肿瘤的N及远处转移（M）的界定标准是一致的
喉、口咽、下咽：VII区（上纵膈）转移也被认为是区域淋巴结转移
治疗特点
T1-2N0M0期: 单纯手术或单纯放疗
局部晚期: 手术+放疗+化疗
复发和转移，姑息性化疗放疗+化疗+手术
鼻咽癌主要以放化疗为主
新辅助治疗
例如：对可手术切除的局部晚期喉癌、咽癌，术前诱导化疗/同步放化疗不仅可以提高保喉率，而且可提高患者生存率
放疗
原发病灶和受侵淋巴结需要每天2.0 Gy，总量为70 Gy或以上的剂量
对于颈部风险较低的淋巴结群的放疗剂量为每天2.0 Gy，总量50 Gy或以上
化疗
新辅助化疗
同步放化疗（根治性、辅助性）
辅助化疗
姑息化疗
靶向治疗
西妥昔单抗
早中期：同步放疗
晚 期：单药或联合化疗
尼妥珠单抗（nimotuzumab）
吉非替尼、厄洛替尼：未观察到临床受益
不良预后因素
淋巴结包膜外受侵和/或手术切缘阳性：术后进行辅助性化放疗
其他不良预后因素：多个阳性淋巴结（无包膜外受侵）、血管/淋巴管/神经周围侵犯、原发肿瘤T4a及具有IV区淋巴结阳性——术后放疗，但是否进行放化疗可根据临床判断
复发和(或)转移
复发病变可治愈：应积极寻求根治性手术
或同步放化 （靶）疗
无局部治愈可能：姑息性化疗和(或)靶向治疗
支持治疗
Induction Chemotherapy
Induction chemotherapy plus radiation compared with surgery plus radiation in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer. The Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group N Engl J Med. 1991;324(24):1685
332 pts
median follow-up of 33 months
surgery +radiotherapy
induction chemotherapy+ radiotherapy ± Salvage surgery
cisplatin +fluorouraci（PF）
Larynx preservation in pyriform sinus cancer: preliminary results of a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer phase III trial. EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Cooperative Group J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996
202 pts
surgery +radiotherapy
induction chemotherapy+ radiotherapy ± Salvage surgery
cisplatin +fluorouraci（PF）
Induction-chemotherapy arm vs. Surgery arm
TPF vs. PF
Induction chemotherapy with cisplatin and fluorouracil alone or in combination with docetaxel in locally advanced squamous-cell cancer of the head and neck: long-term results of the TAX 324 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(2):153-9
hypopharyngeal and laryngeal
Long-term results of GORTEC 2000-01: A multicentric randomized phase III trial of induction chemotherapy with cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil， with or without docetaxel， for larynx preservation. France
213 pts
Median follow-up 105 months TPF vs. PF
The 5- and 10-year larynx preservation rates 74.0% vs. 58.1%
70.3% vs. 46.5%
The 5- and 10-year LDFFS rates 67.2% vs. 46.5%
63.7% vs. 37.2%
OS， PFS no difference
(LDFFS :larynx dysfunction-free survival)
Taxane-cisplatin-fluorouracil as induction chemotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis of the 5-year efficacy and safety. Springerplus. 2015;4:208.
7 randomized clinical (mata analysis) TPF vs. PF
3-year OS rate (HR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.25; P = 0.008)
3-year PFS rate (HR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.43; P = 0.002)
5-year OS rate (HR: 1.30; 95% CI， 1.09 to 1.55;P = 0.003)
5-year PFS rate (HR: 1.39; 95% CI， 1.14 to 1.70; P = 0.001)
The TPF induction chemotherapy improved PFS and OS compared with PF
Induction Chemotherapy vs. Concurrent ChemoRT
Long-Term Results of RTOG 91-11: A Comparison of Three Nonsurgical Treatment Strategies to Preserve the Larynx in Patients With Locally Advanced Larynx Cancer J Clin Oncol 2013;31:845-852
Patients with stage III or IV glottic or supraglottic squamous cell cancer
laryngectomy-free survival (LFS)
For selected patients with hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers less than T4a in extent， induction chemotherapy—used as part of a larynx preservation strategy—is category 2A
Thus， induction chemotherapy has a category 3 recommendation for the management of both locally and regionally advanced oropharyngeal cancer
Induction Chemotherapy in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Randomized Phase III Trial of Induction Chemotherapy With Docetaxel， Cisplatin， and Fluorouracil Followed by Surgery Versus Up-Front Surgery in Locally Advanced Resectable Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma J Clin Oncol. 2013 ;31(6):744-51
256 patients
Locallyadvanced Resectable Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma， TPF
Median follow-up of 30 months
Induction chemotherapy + Concurrent chemoradiotherapy
Induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (sequential chemoradiotherapy) versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locally advanced head and neck cancer (PARADIGM): a randomised phase 3 trial Lancet Oncol 2013; 14: 257–64
145 patients across 16 sites
Median follow-up of 49 months
Induction chemotherapy + Concurrent chemoradiotherapy
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy
Phase III randomized trial of induction chemotherapy in patients with N2 or N3 locally advanced head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014; 32(25):2735
285 patients ， with N2 or N3 disease
Follow-up of 30 months
Induction chemotherapy + Concurrent chemoradiotherapy
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy
NO difference: OS， Relapse-Free Survival ， Distant Failure-Free Survival
Is there a role for induction chemotherapy in the setting of concomitant chemoradiation in locally advanced head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Meta-analysis， 5 RCTs ( 4 TPF， 1 PF )
1229 patients
Indu-chemotherapy + concomitant chemoradiation
concomitant chemoradiation
OS， PFS no difference have a trend
Disease control ， CR
Imply that selected patients may benefit from the addition of induction chemotherapy
New aspects regarding the induction chemotherapy with TPF and radio chemotherapy in head and neck cancer Germany
Meta-analysis， 5 RCTs (TPF)
1060 patients， locally advanced
53.4% oropharyngeal， 17.3% hyopharyngeal， 6.4% laryngeal， 18.5% oral cavity ， 4.4% other SCCHN
TPF + concomitant chemoradiation
concomitant chemoradiation
Not result in a significant improvement of OS (Hazard Ratio: 0.950， 0.791-1.140， p = 0.579)
Radiotherapy plus cetuximab
Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer: 5-year survival data from a phase 3 randomised trial， and relation between cetuximab-induced rash and survival Lancet Oncol. 2010 ;11(1):21-8
424 pts: locoregionally advanced squamous-cell carcinoma (oropharynx， hypopharynx， or larynx)
73 centres
median follow-up 60 months
radiotherapy alone radiotherapy plus cetuximab
OS: 49.0 months versus 29.3 months
5-year overall survival was 45.6% versus 36.4%
Randomized phase III trial of concurrent accelerated radiation plus cisplatin with or without cetuximab for stage III to IV head and neck carcinoma: RTOG 0522. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Sep 20;32(27):2940-50.
891 analyzed patients
Median follow-up 3.8 years
Cetuximab plus cisplatin-radiation
cisplatin-radiation alone
3-year PFS (61.2% v. 58.9%， P = .76)，
3-year OS (72.9% v. 75.8， P = .32)
p16-positive compared with p16-negative
PFS (72.8% v. 49.2%， P < .001)
OS (85.6% v. 60.1%， P < .001)，
EGFR expression did not distinguish outcome
Should not be prescribed routinely
Oral Cavity
Very advanced
2015 ASCO Head and Neck Cancer
Phase III randomized trial of standard fractionation radiotherapy with concurrent cisplatin versus accelerated fractionation radiotherapy with panitumumab in patients with locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: NCIC Clinical Trials Group HN.6 trial Canada
320 pts
With a median follow-up of 46.4 months
PFS of PMab +AFX was not superior to CIS +SFX
Weekly paclitaxel， carboplatin， cetuximab (PCC)， and cetuximab， docetaxel， cisplatin， and fluorouracil (C-TPF)， followed by risk-based local therapy in previously untreated， locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LAHNSCC) MD Anderson Cancer Center
phase II
Median follow-up of 18.4 months
136 patients
Mutational patterns of HPV + and HPV- squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) and their interference with outcome after adjuvant chemoradiation: A multicenter biomarker study of the German Cancer Consortium Radiation Oncology Group Germany
208 patients
211 exons from 45 genes
HPV +： enriched for activating mutations in driver genes (PIK3CA 27% ， KRAS 8%， NRAS 4%， HRAS 2%)
HPV- ：loss-of-function alterations in tumor suppressor genes (TP53 67%， CDKN2A 30%， PTEN 4%， SMAD4 3%)
median follow-up of 55 months， loss-of-function tumor suppressor gene mutations negatively interfere with efficacy of adjuvant cisplatin-based chemoradiation， whereas activating driver gene mutations define poor risk specifically in HPV-driven SCCHN
Antitumor activity and safety of pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Preliminary results from KEYNOTE-012 expansion cohort Chicago
ORR(Objective Response Rate) was 18.2%
31.3% with stable disease
Biomarker analysis is ongoing
Final overall survival analysis of EXAM， an international， double-blind， randomized， placebo-controlled phase III trial of cabozantinib (Cabo) in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) patients with documented RECIST progression at baseline. France
是RET，VEGFR2和MET酪氨酸激酶的强效抑制剂，于2012年11月被美国FDA批准用于MTC的治疗
median follow up time 52.4 mo
N= 330
median OS 26.6 mo vs 21.1 mo ( p = 0.241).
median OS 44.3 mo vs 18.9 mo (p = 0.026) ， For 126 pts with RET M918T mutations
Efficacy and safety of lenvatinib for the treatment of patients with 131I-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer with and without prior VEGFtargeted therapy. London
PFS 18.3 vs. 3.6 mo
2015.4 FDA
Utilization and outcomes of low dose versus high dose cisplatin in head and neck cancer patients receiving concurrent radiation. Milwaukee
1，091 pts
LD ( ≤40 mg/m2) ， HD ( ≥ 75 mg/m2)
The total cumulative dose 322.5 mg vs. 475.8 mg
OS favoring the HD group(log rank test， p ＜0.001)
75% censored in both cohorts
Differential impact of cisplatin dose intensity on human papillomavirus (HPV)-related ( + ) and HPV-unrelated ( - ) locoregionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LAHNSCC). Canada （retrospective）
Median follow-up was 4.3 yrs
5 year OS was inferior for HPV（ - ）
CDDP ≤ 200 vs. ＞200 mg/m2 (44 % vs 62%， p ＜ 0.01)
But not to HPV（ +）
A meta-analysis of weekly cisplatin versus three weekly cisplatin chemotherapy plus current radiotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer. Yue Zhang Southern Medical University， Guangzhou， China
779 patients of 10 studies
Three weekly cisplatin CRT didn’t differ with weekly in OS and LRFS(locoregional recurrence-free survival)
A meta-analysis comparing cisplatin-based to carboplatin-based chemotherapy in moderate to advanced squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN). Qinyang Li， Nanfang Hospital， Southern Medical University， Guangzhou， China
Patients with CDDP-based CT can achieve a higher OS， but there is no significant difference in LRC
Bioradiotherapy for head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma ， Philadelphia
68 patients
Median follow-up 30 months
Phase II study with conventional radiotherapy + cetuximab in patients with advanced larynx cancer who responded to induction chemotherapy : An organ preservation TTCC study. Spain
93 patients ， one arm
Median follow-up: 48 months
LEDFS(the laryngo-esophageal dysfunction–free survival ) rate was clearly higher than the critical value and with an acceptable toxicity with this protocol， so it is warranted to move to a phase III trial
The role of cetuximab in induction chemotherapy: Comparison of APF-C( nab-paclitaxel， cisplatin， 5-FU+ cetuximab) with APF， both followed by chemoradiation therapy (CRT)， in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). St. Louis
Background: Cetuximab improved OS in patients with HNSCC when added to definitive RT or to palliative chemotherapy
60 pts
Two year OS and DSS(disease-specific survival) were similar between APF+C and APF， even when stratified for p16 status.
Concurrent chemoradiation using weekly versus tri-weekly cisplatin in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN): A comparative analysis. Atlanta
Out of 120 studies， 23 with a total of 2，303 patients
Weekly cisplatin combined with radiation in locally advanced SCCHN is comparable in efficacy and safety to tri-weekly based regimens.
总结
个体化治疗，综合和治疗
对部分选择的患者，诱导化疗是可行的，在局部疾病控制、器官保留方面可以带来益处，能降低远处转移发生率，并有可能转化为生存获益
诱导化疗仍缺乏有效的筛选标记
靶向治疗，特别是免疫治疗未来会带来突破
THANKS
同步放化疗随机临床试验支持几种顺铂的使用方案（例如每周，每天，但大多数医疗中心采用高剂量顺铂治疗（每3周100 mg/m2）
口腔癌
口腔癌
鼻咽癌
在头颈部肿瘤中，它具有最高的远处转移倾向。局部晚期鼻咽癌在根治性放疗（未行化疗）后很容易出现孤性局部复发。区域复发不常见，仅占患者的10%~19%
治疗前血清/血浆中EBV-DNA水平与早期鼻咽癌(I期和II期)的预后有关，治疗前血浆EBV-DNA水平越高，则治疗后出现远地转移的概率越高
联合使用放疗和铂类药物化疗已被证实肿瘤的局部控制率可以从54%增加到78%
鼻咽部肿瘤患者治疗后，推荐的随访内容包括定期体检和甲状腺功能的评估（每6~12个月检测TSH水平）
在20%~25%的接受颈部放疗的患者当中可检测出TSH水平增高
鼻咽癌
初始治疗决策
手术
放疗
同步放化疗
新辅助化疗
pembrolizumab是西妥昔单抗疗效(10～13%)的约两倍
EGFR-抑制剂在HPV-阳性肿瘤中疗效不佳
pembrolizumab在HPV-阳性和HPV-阴性肿瘤中均有相似活性水平
缓解率可能低估患者的获益比例
病情稳定或即使最初经历疾病进展的患者一旦接受免疫治疗最终可能变为长期生存期的获益
Nonetheless， interest in the role of induction chemotherapy was renewed several years ago for a few reasons
Advances in surgery， RT， and concurrent systemic therapy/RT have yielded improvements in local/regional control
thus， the role of distant metastases as a source of treatment failure has increased and induction chemotherapy allows greater drug delivery for this purpose
Most randomized trials of induction chemotherapy followed by RT and/or surgery compared to locoregional treatment alone， which were published in the 1980s and 1990s， did not show an improvement in overall survival with the incorporationof chemotherapy.273
in selected patients， induction chemotherapy could facilitate organ preservation， avoid morbid surgery， and improve overall quality of life of the patient even though overall survival was not improved.
Because total laryngectomy is among the procedures most feared by patients，281 larynx preservation was the focus of initial studies
诱导化疗治疗头颈鳞癌的争议 上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院 郑家伟 发布时间：2007-5-2 11:24:40 头颈部由于特殊的解剖部位和复杂的功能，给恶性肿瘤的治疗提出了挑战。早期头颈癌，无论采用手术或放疗，均能获得良好的效果，无需多手段治疗；但遗憾的是，60%的头颈癌就诊时已属晚期（III、IV期），5年生存率徘徊在10%～20%之间。
对大多数局部晚期、肿瘤无法切除及需器官保存的肿瘤患者，目前公认的标准治疗是同期化放疗。对肿瘤复发或远处转移的患者，如果肿瘤对铂类或紫杉醇类药物治疗不敏感，则只能给予患者支持治疗。
诱导化疗（induction chemotherapy）是指手术或放疗前进行的化疗，又称为新辅助化疗（neoadjuvant chemotherapy），作为肿瘤化学治疗的一种方式，用于头颈鳞癌已有近30年的历史，但其在肿瘤治疗中的确切作用一直颇受争议。争论的焦点是在提高局部控制率和生存率方面的确切作用，争议产生的主要原因，是其理论上明显的优势与以往临床试验显示诱导化疗对患者生存率没有明显改善之间的矛盾。文献报道的各种诱导化疗方案的随机对照试验（RCT）结果不一，有些称显著有效，有些则认为无效，但多数研究认为，PF诱导化疗虽然暂时有效甚至显效，但不能显著提高这类患者的远期生存率。
屠规益教授认为：从临床医师的角度而言，我们要求的是确实（有“根治性”）有效的实用方案，可以在临床上重复应用。迄今为止，化疗在恶性肿瘤尤其是造血系统肿瘤的治疗中已经发挥了很大作用。但是，无论是新药还是常规药物、无论是单药还是多种药物联合应用、无论是单独化疗或综合（放疗、手术）应用，对头颈鳞癌尚没有确切的“根治性疗效”，尚没有确实可以加强其他治疗手段的结果报告。建议目前临床上不宜对头颈鳞癌患者常规应用化疗作为根治性治疗或辅助措施。China J Oral Maxillofac Surg，2006，4(3):162-165.
Marshall R. Posner 教授（Dana Farber癌症研究所，波士顿 马萨诸塞，美国）认为：联合应用顺铂与5－氟尿嘧啶一直被视为标准新辅助治疗，术前化疗能够降低肿瘤的远处转移率，但其在提高患者生存率方面并没有足够证据。China J Oral Maxillofac Surg，2006，4(5):322-329.
目前的结论
诱导化疗对提高肿瘤局部控制率的作用：最初将诱导化疗应用于头颈晚期鳞癌的治疗，目的是为了提高局部控制率，达到提高生存率的目的。但临床研究中并没有足够的证据表明，诱导化疗能够有效提高手术对头颈部鳞癌的控制率。这是因为局部控制率的提高，一方面依赖于诱导化疗的疗效，量效不够的诱导化疗、肿瘤对化学药物的低反应率反而影响了局部治疗的效果；另一方面，头颈晚期鳞癌是异质性非常大的一族疾病群，手术治疗的效果在很大程度上决定于患者的发病部位、病变范围以及周围的解剖关系。
诱导化疗对远处转移的抑制作用：有效地减少远处转移率，是诱导化疗对肿瘤治疗的一大优势。Paccagnella等通过以顺铂和5-氟尿嘧啶为基础的诱导化疗治疗晚期头颈鳞癌，将3年远处转移率由38%降到14%（P=0.002）。退伍军人事务部喉癌研究组（Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group）开展的通过诱导化疗达到器官保留目的的III期随机试验也发现，PF方案（顺铂，第1天100mg/m2;第1～5天，5-氟尿嘧啶1000mg/m2持续输注）的诱导化疗组较少地发生远处转移。
术前诱导化疗在头颈肿瘤治疗中的角色转变
进展1——新药开发和联合用药方案：诱导化疗的研究进展主要表现在新药的开发和联合用药方案的筛选，值得推荐的是紫杉醇类、顺铂和5-氟尿嘧啶三联新诱导化疗方案（TPF）的应用。Vermorken等进行的临床III期试验，评价了PF诱导化疗方案（第1天，顺铂100mg/m2；第1～5天，5-氟尿嘧啶1000mg/m2 ）与加入多烯紫杉醇（docetaxel）的TPF方案（第1天，多烯紫杉醇75 mg/m2，顺铂75mg/m2；第1～5天，5-氟尿嘧啶750mg/ m2）的疗效。选择358例无法手术切除的患者（PF组181例、TPF组177例）接受3个疗程的诱导化疗后进行放射治疗，三联用药有明显高的总有效率（67.8%∶53.6%）及更长的无进展生存时间和总生存时间，并且具有更好的耐受性和较低的中毒死亡发生率（5.5%∶2.3%），从而使诱导化疗在头颈癌中的作用得到重新认识。
进展2——同期化放疗：过去20 年内， 大量的临床随机试验(RCT ) 表明，同期化放疗(concomitant chemoradio therapy) 可显著提高病人的无瘤生存率和总生存率， 减轻术后畸形， 并保存器官功能。最近的2 项Meta 分析已证实了上述观点。 同期化放疗与单纯放疗相比较，约提高10%～20%的生存率，但对远处转移率的控制效果较差。郑家伟，邱蔚六，王中和. 同期化放疗治疗晚期头颈癌.口腔颌面外科杂志， 2001，11(3): 241-244.
进展3——西妥昔单抗：新近的研究表明，大多数头颈鳞癌细胞过表达表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)，此受体为酪氨酸激酶膜受体，能够诱导血管生成，促进肿瘤生长，且与肿瘤对治疗的抵抗有关。针对EGFR，英克隆（ImClone Systems）、百时美施贵宝（Bristol-Myers Squibb）和德国默克里昂制药公司(Merck KgaA)联合开发出新的抗癌药物西妥昔单抗(Cetuximab，Erbitux，c225)，2006年3月1日，该药获得美国FDA批准，允许上市和临床使用，为晚期无法手术切除的头颈鳞癌患者带来了生存的希望。
作为一种单克隆抗体，Cetuximab的作用方式与标准的非选择性化学治疗不同，因其特异性抑制EGFR。这种抑制会防止受体及随之而来的信号转导通路被启动，进而减少肿瘤细胞对正常组织的侵袭以及肿瘤向新部位的扩散。Cetuximab还能抑制肿瘤细胞修复化疗和放疗造成的损伤，并抑制肿瘤内部新血管的形成，从多条途径抑制肿瘤细胞的生长。
西妥昔单抗对晚期结肠癌有效，也被FDA批准用于化疗失败的复发性和（或）发生转移的头颈部鳞癌患者。法国 Gustave Roussy研究所的Bourhis等〔J Clin Oncol，2006，24(18):2866-2872〕在43例患者所做的II期临床试验表明，Cetuximab联合顺铂或卡铂及FU对复发或发生转移的晚期头颈鳞癌患者有效，患者耐受性好，总反应率为36%。美国伯明翰亚拉巴马大学医学部Bonner等〔N Engl J Med，2006，354(6):567-578〕在424例患者进行的III期多中心临床试验表明，与单纯放疗相比（中位生存时间29.3个月），西妥昔单抗联合大剂量放射治疗能够显著提高局部－区域晚期的头颈鳞癌患者的生存时间（中位生存时间49.0个月），降低并发症率。因此，对局部晚期病变，以及复发或发生远处转移的头颈鳞癌患者，如果顺铂治疗无效，则西妥昔或许为有效治疗方法。
该药常见的不良反应主要包括输注部位反应（发热和寒战）、皮疹、疲劳、不适和恶心等。
未来解决争议的方法
（1）多中心、前瞻性RCT研究：标准诱导化疗与同期化放疗的疗效比较，三联方案（PF＋多烯紫杉醇或紫杉醇）与PF方案、同期化放疗的疗效比较，序列治疗方案与标准治疗的疗效比较。
（2）循证医学系统评价：当前比较迫切的任务是，对国内外已发表的诱导化疗治疗晚期头颈鳞癌的相关RCT论文进行系统评价（利用 Revmanager软件），获得具有说服力的循证医学证据，供广大临床医师参考。
这些试验将可能为化疗在局部晚期头颈肿瘤患者治疗中的作用，确立一个新的位置。随着更为有效的全身用化疗药物的出现，诱导化疗的效果将会令人刮目相看。
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