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Selective Readings in English Print News Media Learning Aim Brief introduction The Significance of Newspaper Reading History of newspapers and magazines Features of journalistic English ---- style and structure Main newspapers and magazines in Britain and America The Significance of Newspaper Reading 1. Good learning Resources for English learners for the rich vocabulary， which includes various idioms， common sayings and diverse phrases. 2. Enable the learners to enhance their reading ability by providing authentic(逼真的 ) English learning material. 3. Broaden the readers’ view， being the major access to world news. 4. Good helper for the learners to improve their writing skill， due to the expert use of various writing techniques like personification， irony etc. in features . A brief history of newspapers When and where was the first newspaper printed? The German-language Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien， printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg， is often recognized as the first newspaper. A brief history of newspapers The first newspaper in China《中外新报》was published in 1858. The first newspaper in France was published in 1631， La Gazette . Corante， or weekely newes from Italy， Germany， Hungary， Poland， Bohemia， France and the Low Countreys. was published in England in 1621. In Boston in 1690， Benjamin Harris published Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick. Categories of newspapers Daily Weekly National International Online Formats of newspapers Broadsheet(对开 ) Tabloid ( 四开) Berliner(柏林版式 ) 一张出厂的整张大纸， 正度：787×1092mm 分割成相等面积的四张每张为四开， 390×543mm 分割成相等面积的八张每张为八开， 271×390mm 分割成相等面积的十六张每张为十六开， 272 X 196mm 分割成相等面积的三十二张每张每张为三十二开，196 X 136mm Contents of newspapers A newspaper is a publication containing news， information， and advertising. General-interest newspapers often feature articles on political events， crime， business， art/entertainment， society and sports. Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing columns that express the personal opinions of writers. Supplementary sections may contain advertising， comics， and coupons（优惠券 ）. A brief history of magazines The Gentleman‘s Magazine， first published in 1731， in London， is considered to have been the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave， who edited The Gentleman’s Magazine under the pen name “Sylvanus Urban”， was the first to use the term “magazine”， on the analogy of a military storehouse（仓库 ；知识宝库 ） of varied materiel， originally derived from the Arabic makazin "storehouses". Types of magazines Weekly Biweekly Monthly Bimonthly Quarterly Features of journalistic English ---- style and structure Definition of news Types of news News style News value Structure of news reports Definition of news News is a fresh report of events， facts， or opinions that people did not know before they read your story. News is anything timely that interests a number of persons， and the best news is that which has the greatest interest of the greatest number． News is any event， idea or opinion that is timely， that interests or affects a large number of people in a community and that is capable of being understood by them. News is the reporting of anything timely which has importance，use，or interest to a considerable number of persons in a publication audience. If a dog bites a man， it is not news；if a man bites a dog， it's （big）news. Types of news hard news (spot news or straight news) / soft news newspaper coverage/ magazine coverage/ radio news/ TV news/ cable news/ news agency dispatches world news/ home news/ local news political news / economic news/ technological news / cultural news/ sports news/ violence and crime news/ disaster news/ weather news/ obituary/ entertainment Types of news 1、按传播工具，可分为 ： 报纸新闻（newspaper coverage s ） 杂志新闻（magazine coverage s） 广播新闻（radio news） 电视新闻（TV news） 有线电视新闻（cable news） 通讯社新闻（news agency dispatches）。 2、按照新闻事实发生的地域和范围： 国际新闻（world news） 国内新闻（home news） 地方新闻（local news） 3、按报道的内容，新闻则可分为： 政治新闻（political news ） 经济新闻（economic news） 科技新闻（technological news ） 文化新闻（cultural news） 体育新闻（sports news） 暴力与犯罪新闻（violence and crime news） 灾难新闻（disaster news） 天气新闻（weather news） 讣告（obituary） 娱乐（entertainment） 4、按照事件的性质，新闻又可分为 ： “硬新闻” （hard news） “软新闻”（soft news） 硬新闻亦称：“纯消息报道”（spot news or straight news），指题材比较严肃、具有一定时新性的客观事实报道。 软新闻是指人情味较浓、写法轻松活泼的社会新闻，其题材可能会显得陈旧或无关紧要，但决非枯燥乏味。 News style News reports消息报道 Features 特写 Editorials 社论 commentaries and columns 新闻评论/专栏 News value timeliness时效性/ freshness时新性 importance， consequence，impact or significance 重要性 prominence 显著性 nearness，proximity or locality接近性 unusualness，bizarreness，oddity or novelty 奇异性 interest 趣味性 构成新闻价值的要素很多，在英语新闻报道中，主要有以下几种： 1）时效性（timeliness）和时新（freshness）。 指新闻事件是新近发生的而且是社会大众所不知道的，包含着时间近、内容新两个含义。在可能的范围内，记者总是想方设法尽快把新闻传递给读者，因为新闻最强调的就是一个“新”字。如果记者尽报道一些“旧闻”，时间一长，自然就会失去读者。 2)重要性（importance， consequence，impact or significance）。 指新闻事件与当前社会生活和大众的切身利益有着密切关系，势必会引起人们关心，影响许多人，如政局的变动、政策的变化、战争进展以及重大经济信息等。而重要的科技发明、天气的显著变化和重大的灾害、疾病等，往往能引起读者的重视和兴趣。 3） 显著性（prominence）。 指新闻中的人物、地点或事件越是著名，越是突出，新闻价值就越大，人们的注意力会自然而然地集中到他们的身上。如总统的一次感冒，证券市场也可能跟着颤抖；又如一位名人或要人的膳食、体温、睡眠、爱好乃至私生活，都可以成为新闻内容。 新闻价值的“显著性”要素可形象地浓缩成一组“一目了然”的数学公式，颇有借鉴价值： ordinary person (s)+ usual occurrence (s) 不等于news （平凡人+平凡事不等于新闻） ordinary person (s)+ unusual occurrence (s) ＝news （平凡人十不平凡事＝新闻） extraordinary person (s)+ usual occurrence (s)=news （不平凡人十平凡事=新闻） extraordinary person (s)+ unusual occurrence (s)=good/big news （不平凡人十不平凡事＝大/好新闻） 4）接近性（nearness，proximity or locality) 指新闻与读者地理上或思想、利益上的接近。事情发生的地点越近，读者越关心，新闻价值就越大；事情涉及读者的切身利益与思想感情越是密切，读者越重视，新闻价值就越大。如有关中国浦东开发、开放的新闻，对于广大中国人以及海外华侨来说，肯定要比一般外国人更感兴趣。 5）奇异性（unusualness，bizarreness，oddity or novelty）。 西方新闻界流行这样的说法：“狗咬人不是新闻，而人咬狗则是新闻。”（When a dog bites a man，that's not news； but when a man bites a dog，that's news。）“坏消息才算好消息。”（Bad news is good news。）这两句话意指不寻常的事情就是新闻。给新闻下这样的定义显然是不全面的，但仔细一想也不无道理，至少能增加可读性，激起读者兴趣。 6）趣味性（interest） 指能够引起人们感情共鸣，富有人情味（human interest）和生活情趣的事实，即通常所讲的趣闻奇事。换言之，新闻报道的内容必须使读者有普遍兴趣，能引人入胜。西方新闻界虽然对趣味性的含义有不同的理解，但是一般都把社会学所研究的内容，如犯罪、道德伦理、人口、人生、婚姻、家庭、人间真情、金钱和色情等作为趣味性的主要内容，具有浓郁的人情味，故易于激起读者或欣喜、或愤慨、或悲哀、或惊讶、或深思等多种丰富的情感，从而唤起强烈的共鸣。 Structure of a news report headline 标题 lead or introduction 导语 body 正文 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-09/25/content_11342035.htm 在此我们以消息为例，详细分析一下它的基本结构。消息类新闻属于“硬新闻”，是广泛采用的的一种新闻体裁。消息报道中的导语十分重要，它位于第一段或第一、二段。通过它点出新闻的主题，这是消息这种新闻文体区别于其它文体的一个重要特征。五个W和一个H（When？Where？Who？What？Why？和How？）是构成一则完整的消息不可缺少的要素。 直接的消息报道或纯消息报道一般采用“倒金字塔形式”（the Inverted Pyramid Form），其特点是按新闻报道最重要的五个W和一个H头重脚轻地安排材料，把新闻的高潮和结论放在最前面的导语里，然后以事实的重要性递减的顺序来安排（in the order of descending importance）材料。 为了说明“倒金字塔结构”的新闻文体特点，现举美联社2001年11月22日的一篇报道为例： NOVEMBER 22，19：43EST，2001 ??28 Killed in Colombia Landslide ??By JUAN PABLO TORO ??Associated Press Writer FILADELFIA Colombia（AP）—Rain-softened walls of a condemned strip mine crashed down on scores of gold miners in western Colombia Thursday，killing at least 28 and leaving 40 others missing，authorities said． The victims were said to be poor people who ignored government warnings that erosion had made the mine unsafe．It appeared both the illegal digging and recent heavy rains were to blame for the accident． Survivors said two separate mudslides occurred at the site in Filadelfia，a small town 120 miles west of Bogotá.The second avalanche buried miners who were trying to rescue friends who had been engulfed in the first avalanche． Rescuers shoveled furiously for hours in hopes of finding somebody alive，but only recovered bodies. As night fell Thursday，national disaster chief Eduardo Jose Gonzalez said hopes of finding anyone alive waned as crews prepared to suspend operations．The search was to resume Friday． Hundreds of people had gathered at the scene，many of them anguished and weeping relatives． Emergency crews from the Red Cross and the civil defense forces were using heavy machinery to remove the thick mud spread over the site．Complicating the recovery effort，huge pools of water had seeped into the site from a river running up to the hillside—used by the miners to rinse gold particles from dirt． Survivors said the earth crashed down without warning on a group of about 200 people trying to scrape gold from the well-worn hill-side．The workers were toiling with shovel sand picks inside a deep hole they had carved into the hill．The cavern had no structural supports． Many workers managed to scramble out of the way or crawl out from beneath the mud． Others were not so lucky． “We heard a very loud sound and the hill suddenly fell down upon us，”said 20-year-old Manuel Loaiza．“I was trapped up to my knees but some of the others dragged me out．” Loaiza said he made less than ＄9a day at the crude mine．His 39-year-old uncle is still missing under the mud． According to Julian Arboleda，an aide to Caldas State governor Luis Alfonso Arias，officials ordered the mine closed several months ago．But residents thrown out of work by Colombia's economic downturn took the risk of working there anyway，Arboleda said． Landslides triggered by rains are Colombia's most common natural disaster，killing dozens of people annually．Thursday's accident was the worst such tragedy in recent years． According to the government's disaster relief agency，nearly 200 people died in a poor neighborhood in the city of Medellin when a 1987 landslide buried their houses．Landslides buried 150 dam workers in 1983 and a rescue team sent on their behalf． 首先要注意消息报道导语（第一段）里的“电头”（dateline）“FILADELFIA，Colombia（AP）”即“美联社发自哥伦比亚费拉达菲亚的消息”。美联社新闻报道的时间通常置于消息的最前面（NOVEMBER 22，19：43EST），即美国的标准时11月22日19点43分。 第一段十分简单明了地告诉读者：星期四，哥伦比亚西部的一露天金矿由于大雨而发生坍塌，至少28人死亡，40人失踪。 第二段增加了新的新闻事实：金矿坍塌的遇难者是贫民，虽然政府警告说由于侵蚀使采矿危险，但他们置若罔闻；金矿的坍塌可能是由于非法的开采以及近日的大雨造成的。这一段支持并扩展了导语。 第三段是背景材料。利用事故的生还者的所见所闻讲述当时的情景：共发生了两次塌方，第二次的塌方将赶去救援的矿工也吞没。 第四、五、六、七以及第八段均是与主要新闻事实有关的次重要材料。第四、五、七、八段讲述了来自红十字、民防组织以及各方救护人员的救援进展情况。第六段也是对导语的进一步扩展：官方宣布事故中有28人死亡，至少40人失踪；有32名矿工受伤被送往医院。 第九、十、十一和第十二段也是背景材料，利用目击者的所见所闻进一步描述了金矿坍塌时的情景。 第十三、十四和第十五段均是与新闻事实有关的次重要的材料：这个金矿几个月以前就关闭了，但由于经济衰退人们又重操旧业；山体滑坡是哥伦比亚最常见的自然灾害。 通过分析我们可以看出这篇新闻报道是典型的“倒金字塔”结构，导语是一段简单清楚的叙述。随后的数段对导语进行了解释、补充和扩展，有利地支撑了导语。在导语中基本将“五个W，一个H”交代清楚。它所回答的问题分列如下： Who—gold miners What—were killed When—Thursday（Nov．22） Where—in western Colombia Why—the walls of mine were softened by rain How—（were killed）by crash 应该说明，记者即使采用“倒金字塔结构”，也不一定在导语中全部都包括五个W和一个H，或许只有三个或四个W，另外一个或两个W出现在下面的段落里，这也是常见的。 Newspapers in US The Los Angeles Times《洛杉矶时报》http://www.latimes.com The New York Times《纽约时报》 http://www.nytimes.com Washington Post《华盛顿邮报》 http://www.washingtonpost.com The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》http://www.wsj.com The New York Daily News 《纽约每日新闻》 http://www.nydailynews.com Chicago Daily Tribune《芝加哥论坛报》 http://www.chicagotribune.com/ USA Today 《今日美国》 http://www.usatoday.com New York Post《纽约邮报》http://www.nypost.com Magazines in US TIME 《时代周刊》 www.time.com NEWS WEEK 《新闻周刊》 www.Newsweek.com U.S. NEWS &WORLD REPORT 《美国新闻与世界报道》 www.usnews.com READER’S DIGEST 《读者文摘》 www.rd.com Business Week 《商业周刊》 www.businessweek.com Fortune 《财富》 www.fortune.com Newspapers in UK Times 《泰晤士报》 http://www.thetimes.co.uk The Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯报》 http://www.dailytelegraph.co.uk The Guardian 《卫报》 http://www.guardian.co.uk/ The Daily Express 《每日快报》 http://www.express.co.uk/ The Daily Mail 《每日邮报》 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/ Daily Mirror 《每日镜报》 http://www.mirror.co.uk/ Glasgow Herald 《格拉斯哥先驱报》 http://www.theherald.co.uk/ The Evening Standard 《旗帜晚报》 http://www.thisislondon.com/ The Evening News 《新闻晚报》：www.eveningtimes.co.uk Magazines in UK The Economist 《经济学家》http://www.economist.com The Spectator 《旁观者》www.spectator.co.uk The New Statesman 《新政治家》 www.newstatesman.co.uk The Times Literary Supplement， The TLS 《泰晤士报文学增刊》www.the-tls.co.uk 1． AP (abbrev. Associated Press) (美国) 美联社，成立于1848年，总部设在纽约市。1976年就已有1，181家美国日报和约3，462家广播电台和电视台接受该社提供的新闻服务，现在它是世界最大的通讯社。 2． UPI (abbrev. United Press International) (美国)合众国际社，成立于1907年，它开创了一些重要的新闻报道业务，如它于1925年开办了新闻图片等服务。在20世纪70年代末，该社就为100多个国家的4，503家客户服务。它有250多个分社向外提供新闻。 3． Reuters (abbrev. Reuter’s News Agency) (英国)路透社，1851年由路透(Paul Julius Reuter)创建，总部设在伦敦。它是一家商业性通讯社。20世纪60年代以来，它播发经其压缩的来自诸如中国等国的新闻报道，美国也有几十家报纸定购该社的新闻。现在其业务已遍及全球150多个国家。该社拥有91个国家14，800名职员，1，800名记者，138个分社。 4． PA (abbrev. Press Association) (英国)报纸联合社，它通过该社的新闻（PA News）、体育（PA Sport）和数据设计(PA Data Design)这三家公司而成为英国的全国新闻社，为报纸、广播电台和电视台提供全方位的新闻和信息服务。 The Major Difficulties of Reading English Newspapers& Magazines 1. the special writing style which often goes against the normal grammar will pose great obstacle for learners because it always strives to contain the richest information in as few words as possible . 2. News English is rich in puns(双关)，overtones(弦外之音)，and various word games by means of polysemy (一词多义)， synonym(同义词) and antinomy(反义词). 3. Western journalists like to quote( 引用 ) the classics in their reports， so lack of necessary cultural background knowledge will lead to confusion.
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