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When History and Literature Merge An allegory of the Russian Revolution. In the early 1900s， Czar Nicholas II faced an increasingly discontented populace. Freed from feudal serfdom in 1861， many Russian peasants were struggling to survive under an oppressive government. By 1917， amidst the tremendous suffering of World War I， a revolution began. In two major battles， the Czar’s government was overthrown and replaced by the Bolshevik leadership of Vladimir Lenin. When Lenin died in 1924， his former colleagues Leon Trotsky， hero of the early Revolution， and Joseph Stalin， head of the Communist Party， struggled for power. Stalin won the battle， and he deported (banished) Trotsky into permanent exile. Orwell was inspired to write Animal Farm in part by his experiences in a Trotskyist group during the Spanish Civil War. Though Animal Farm was written as an attack on a specific government， its general themes of oppression， suffering， and injustice have far broader application; modern readers have come to see Orwell’s book as a powerful attack on any political， rhetorical， or military power that seeks to control human beings unjustly. Reputation Time magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923-2005). It also places at No. 31 on the Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels. It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996 and is also included in the Great Books of the Western World. Allegory， satire， & fable To convey his political message， Orwell employs the literary forms of allegory， satire， and fable. An allegory is a story that can be read on two distinct levels. Many of the characters in the novel represent the leaders of the Russian Revolution. A satire uses ridicule to make certain people， events， or institutions appear foolish. A fable is a brief， often humorous， tale that presents a moral or message. An allegory relies heavily on symbolism， where a character will be the embodiment of a particular virtue or person or group of persons. A fable involves talking animals. The plot The story starts when Old Major gives a speech on revolution at Manor Farm. 3 days after the speech Old Major gives he dies and Snowball and Napoleon emerge as the leaders of Animal Farm. The “revolution” begins when Mr. Jones becomes too drunk to feed the animals， and after a day and a half without food they finally revolt. Soon after the revolution the pigs take the littler of puppies that have been born for “education”. The pigs soon show their own greed by keeping the entire apple crop and milk for themselves as reward for “supervising” the farm. More plot Mr. Jones tries unsuccessfully to retake Animal Farm with some other farmers after their animals start acting badly as well. After a dispute over building a windmill， Napoleon has the puppies he took attack Snowball and chase him from the farm， and then go through with the plan anyway. The pigs soon being trading with humans， and sleeping in the house， and the animals farms “rules” mysteriously keep seeming to change. Food shortages soon hit animal farm， and is again attacked by the neighboring farmers. End of Animal Farm Near the end of the story most of the older animals have died off， and Squealer soon begins to take over from Napoleon and walk on two legs. The name of the Farm is changed back to Manor Farm. In the final scene the pigs invite the humans over for dinner， and the humans remark that the farm’s animals do more work and consume less food that any other farm in England. The animals watching through a window outside are horrified when they realize the can no longer tell the Humans’ faces from that of the pigs. Chapter One A movie clip (06:06-10:25) Old Major， a prize-winning boar， gathers the animals of the Manor Farm for a meeting in the big barn. He tells them of a dream he has had in which all animals live together with no human beings to oppress or control them. He tells the animals that they must work toward such a paradise and teaches them a song called “Beasts of England，” in which his dream vision is lyrically described. The animals greet Major’s vision with great enthusiasm. What happened in Chapter Two? Structure Questions for Chapter Two Why did the animals rebel against Mr.Jones and mankind in general? Who take the lead in the preparation for the rebellion? And how did they prepare for it? What is animalism and what does it represent? Why do the animals succeed in the revolution? What qualities allow the pigs to gain power? Summarize the spirit of the Seven Commandments. Find signs of deception and lies in this chapter. The very last paragraph of chapter two foreshadows trouble ahead for the animals. Explain the context of the paragraph and what you predict will happen in the coming chapters. Part I (Para.1-9) Why did the animals rebel against Mr.Jones and mankind in general? Who take the lead in the preparation for the rebellion? And how did they prepare for it? What is animalism and what does it represent? Part I (Para.1-9) Part I (Para.1-9) Part I (Para.1-9) Language in Use preeminent: superior， above all others Preeminent among the pigs were two young boars named Snowball and Napoleon. (P2L6) vivacious: full of life; animated Snowball was a more vivacious pig than Napoleon. (P2L8) nimble: quick and light in movement The best known among them was a small fat pig named Squealer， with very round cheeks， twinkling eyes， nimble movements， and a shrill voice. (P2L3↓) 他们中最出名的是一头短小而肥胖的猪，名叫斯奎拉。他长着圆圆的面颊，炯炯闪烁的眼睛，动作敏捷，声音尖细。 apathy: lack of interest or concern冷漠 At the beginning they met with much stupidity and apathy. (P3L4) → At first they tried to explain the principles of Animalism to those who are stupid and impassive. 起初，他们遇到的是那些迟钝和麻木的动物。 tale-bearer: one who spreads malicious stories or gossip揭人隐私者， 搬弄是非者， 散播谣言者 Moses， who was Mr. Jones’s especial pet， was a spy and a tale-bearer， but he was also a clever talker. (P8L2) Part II (Para.10-12) What actually brought about the rebellion? (fuse) What makes the animals succeed in the revolution? Part II (Para.10-12) Part II (Para.10-12) Language in Use …but of late he had fallen on evil days. (P10L2) …but in recent days he had been down on his luck. 可是近来，他正处于背运的时候 lounge: to stand or sit in a leaning， lazy way 懒洋洋地躺卧 For whole days at a time he would lounge in his Windsor chair in the kitchen. (P10L4) Language in Use with one accord: with unanimity， all together， as one 不约而同地 With one accord， they flung themselves upon their tormentors. (P11L9) They rushed with one accord into the theater. take to one’s heels: to leave， especially to flee or run away 逃跑，拔腿就跑 After only a moment or two they gave up trying to defend themselves and took to their heels. (P11L2↓) Language in Use in full flight: fleeing at great speed; escaping rapidly A minute later all five of them were in full flight down the cart-track that led to the main road， with the animals pursuing them in triumph. (P11L2↓) 又过了个把分钟，在动物们势如破竹的追赶下，他们五个人沿着通往大路的车道仓皇败逃。 Part III (Para.13-18) Language in Use in a body: Fig. as a group of people; as a group; in a group Their first act was to gallop in a body right round the boundaries of the farm， ... (P13L2) caper: to skip or prance about 雀跃 All the animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames. (P13L3↓) Language in Use ration: a fixed portion 给量，定量 Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and served out a double ration of corn to everybody. (P16L2) Language in Use knoll [nEul]: a small rounded hill or mound; a hillock 小丘; a knell command: to dominate by physical position; overlook俯视 A little way down the pasture there was a knoll that commanded a view of most of the farm. (P17L2) 通向牧场的小路上，有一座小山包，在那里，可以一览整个庄园的大部分景色。 gambol: to run and jump playfully欢跳， 雀跃， 嬉戏 They gamboled round and round. (P17L4) spinney: small area of trees and bushes小树林，灌木林 Then they made a tour of inspection of the whole farm and surveyed with speechless admiration the ploughland， the hayfield， the orchard， the pool， the spinney. (P17L2↓) file: to march or walk in a line列队行进 Then they filed back to the farm buildings and halted in silence outside the door of the farmhouse. (P18L1) 后来，他们列队向庄园的窝棚走去，在庄主院门外静静地站住了。 lithograph: a print produced by lithography 平版画 mantelpiece: the protruding shelf over a fireplace 壁炉架 They tiptoed from room to room， afraid to speak above a whisper and gazing with a kind of awe at the unbelievable luxury， …， the lithograph of Queen Victoria over the drawing-room mantelpiece. (P18L6) Part IV (Para.19-28) What qualities allow the pigs to gain power? Can you summarize the spirit of the Seven Commandments? Can you find signs of deception and lies in this chapter? The very last paragraph of Chapter 2 foreshadows trouble ahead for the animals. Explain the context of the paragraph and what you predict will happen in the coming chapters. Part IV (Para.19-28) Part IV (Para.19-28) Part IV (Para.19-28) Part IV (Para.19-28) Discussion: Creating a society Experience the difficulties involved in creating a society. Use your skills of organizing， think logically， make decisions， and cooperate. You all were on a class trip. You were flying over the mountains when your airplane was forced to make an emergency landing. Your radio equipment does not work. No one is coming to rescue you. Give a plan in detail about how you all will survive for at least one year. guidelines: Who will be in charge? What needs to be done? Who will do it? What possible obstacles will you face? What can you do to overcome those obstacles? Each should write an account of the first year from his or her point of view (as if the year had actually happened)， including information about the specific duties he/she had to perform during the year. Lord of the Flies (1954) William Golding (1911-1993) a classic of the 20th century The novel was the author’s “answer” to 19th-century writer R. M. Ballantyne’s classic The Coral Island. The 2 books share the same basic plot line and even some of the same character names (Ralph and Jack). Blantyre's story， about a trio of boys stranded on a deserted island show how， by pluck and resourcefulness， the young castaways survive with their morals strengthened and their wits sharpened. Lord of the Flies， on the other hand， shows civilization is at best not more than skin-deep. Plot Trying to escape from atomic war， a group of schoolboys strand on a deserted island. Their attempts to set up a democratically–run society quickly fail and the savagery take over. Terrors rule under the dictator Jack and two boys are killed. It is only with the arrival of a shocked rescue officer that a mask of civilization returned. Questions on Characters Pair work: What role does each character serve in Animal Farm? Old Major， Napoleon， Snowball， Squealer， Mr. Jones， Boxer， Mollie Mare， Moses， etc. Do you think Napoleon is a fitting name for Mr. Jones's pig? Why? Old Major Old Major An old boar whose speech about the evils perpetrated by humans rouses the animals into rebelling. His philosophy concerning the tyranny of Man is named Animalism. He teaches the animals the song “Beasts of England” Dies before revolution Karl Marx The inventor of communism Wants to unite the working class to overthrow the government. Dies before the Russian Revolution Napoleon Napoleon Boar who leads the rebellion against Farmer Jones After the rebellion’s success， he systematically begins to control all aspects of the farm until he is an undisputed tyrant. Joseph Stain The communist dictator of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953 who killed all who opposed him. He loved power and used the KGB (secret police) to enforce his ruthless， corrupt antics. Farmer Jones Farmer Jones The irresponsible owner of the farm Lets his animals starve and beats them with a whip Sometimes shows random kindness Czar Nicholas II Weak Russian leader during the early 1900s Often cruel and brutal to his subjects Displays isolated kindness Snowball Snowball Boar who becomes one of the rebellion’s most valuable leaders. After drawing complicated plans for the construction of a windmill， he is chased off of the farm forever by Napoleon’s dogs and thereafter used as a scapegoat for the animals’ troubles. Leon Trotsky A pure communist leader who was influenced by the teachings of Karl Marx. He wanted to improve life for people in Russia， but was driven away by Lenin’s KGB. Squealer & Boxer Squealer A big mouth pig who becomes Napoleon’s mouthpiece. Throughout the novel， he displays his ability to manipulate the animals’ thoughts through the use of hollow， yet convincing rhetoric. Represents the propaganda department that worked to support Stalin’s image; the members of the department would use lies to convince the people to follow Stalin. Boxer A dedicated but dimwitted horse who aids in the building of the windmill but is sold to a glue-boiler after collapsing from exhaustion. Represents the dedicated， but tricked communist supporters of Stalin. Many stayed loyal even after it was obvious Stalin was a tyrant. Eventually they were betrayed， ignored， and even killed by him. Jessie & Moses Jessie The farm's sheepdog， she keeps tabs on the pigs and is among the first to suspect that something is wrong at Animal Farm. Moses A tame raven and sometimes-pet of Jones who tells the animals stories about a paradise called Sugarcandy Mountain. Moses represents religion. Stalin used religious principles to influence people to work and to avoid revolt. Partner Debate Debate with your teammates on a specified question concerning ideals that are relevant to the text of Animal Farm. Two students will take each side of the argument. Each should defend why the statement is true or false. Each Pair of students must come up with at least 6 reasons to state why their point is correct. Tentative statements for the “To Agree or Disagree” worksheet: 1. All humans are equal. 2. Usually the best and brightest people are leaders. 3. The government usually does what’s best for the most people. 4. People who cannot read are easily controlled. 5. People always have the ability to make their own choices. Themes The corruptive nature of power – Orwell shows how both the leaders and the followers in a society can act in ways that destroy freedom and equality. The oppressed tightening the noose of oppression – Orwell illustrates the limiting of individual freedom through the ignorance， inertia， or misplaced loyalty of the animals. Tyranny distorting history and language – Orwell shows how propaganda techniques like those practiced by Squealer and accepted by the animals are used to justify a tyrant's decisions and actions. Who is Who and What is What Mankind Mr. Jones – Czar Nicholas II Mrs. Jones – Alexandra (Nicholas’s wife) Mr. Pilkington – Leader of England Mr. Frederick – Leader of Germany (many references to Hitler) Mr. Whymper – Capitalist who did business with the Soviet Union. Who is Who and What is What Animals Napoleon – Joseph Stalin Squealer – Russian Media Snowball – Leon Trotsky Old Major – Karl Marx/Vladimir Lenin Boxer – Working Class Mollie – Upper Class Dogs – Military/Police Moses – Russian Orthodox Church Hens – Peasant Farmers Sheep – Masses following Stalin Who is Who and What is What Places Animal Farm – The Soviet Union Manor Farm – Russia Foxwood – England Pinchfield – Germany Willingdon – Europe England – Represents the entire world Farmhouse – The Kremlin Sugarcandy Mountain - Heaven Who is Who and What is What Things and Events Animalism – Communism Animal Committees – Soviet Committees Beast of England – Ideology of Communism Windmill – Stalin’s Five – Year Plans The Animal Revolt – Russian Revolution Battle of Cowshed – Red October The Hens’ revolt – Ukrainian peasants’ bitter resistance to collective farming. Destruction of the Windmill – Failure of Stalin’s plans Selling of the wood to Frederick – Nazi-Soviet pact Battle of the Windmill – Battle of Stalingrad (German invasion of Russia during World War II) summary Orwell uses chapter 2 to really make Mr. Jones into a bad guy， although he admits that he was at one time a good master. Mr. Jones' main problem is that he drinks too much and neglects the farm. Even his men are "idle and dishonest." Soon the animals are fed up with Jones (pardon the pun) after not being fed for over a day， so they organize and successfully carry out the long- awaited revolt. The animals rename Manor Farm Animal Farm yet agree not to live in the house. Yet some of the "elite" pigs have already adopted some of Man's ways; Snowball and Napoleon have suddenly taught themselves to read and write， and soon a list of 7 Commandments is written on the tarred wall. Unfortunately only a few of the animals can actually read the rules. This will come back to haunt them later. Orwell again closes with a eerie foreshadowing. After Snowball and Napoleon order the animals to work in the hay field， the milk which many of the lower animals asked to drink mysteriously disappears. Napoleon， however， dismisses the milk plea by proclaiming， "The harvest is more important." Questions for Chapter VIII How was the Sixth Commandment changed? Has life on Animal Farm really improved under Napoleon? How does Squealer report about this? Why did the animals believe Squealer about the production numbers? What was Napoleon referred to as? What titles are invented by the pigs to Napoleon? What poem did Minimus write in honor of Napoleon? By this point， what trappings (symbolic signs) of a typical dictator has Napoleon assumed? Questions for Chapter VIII 8. How did the animals feel about Frederick? 9. What name was given to the windmill? 10. What happened in the timber deal? 11. Describe the event surrounding the Battle of the Windmill. Does Pilkington Help? 12. Did the animals win the battle? Why or why not? 13. List the lies that are told about Snowball to the other animals. 14. How was the fifth commandment changed?
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