现在分词用法PPT演示

 

     现在分词用法归纳

modified by lex

一、现在分词的结构

二、现在分词的结构含义

三、现在分词的句法功能

四、独立主格结构

五、现在分词的主动表被动含义

1.现在分词的主动式的一般式和完成式。一般式用来指和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为；完成式（having + 过去分词）用来指在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：

Being a student，  he was interested in books.

Having studied in university for 3 years，  he knows the way very well.

2.现在分词的被动式的一般式和完成式。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语式；如果强调分词的动作先于谓语的动作，就用分词完成式被动形式。如：

The question being discussed is important.

Having been criticized by the teacher，  Li Ming gave up smoking.

【注】：being done 不能作状语

               having been done 不能作定语

分词不管充当什么成分，都和所修饰的名词或者代词或者句子的主语形成主谓关系。

1.作定语

分词短语作定语时，分词短语放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。相当于定语从句。如：

The man standing by the windows is our teacher. （standing 和所修饰的man形成主谓关系）

In the following years he worked even harder.

His son was                          . The old man felt unhappy.

 His son was                         ， so he regretted not having prepared much for the test.

2.有些形容词化的分词表到不同的含义。V-ing表示动作正在进行。V-ed表示动作已完成，不表被动。

  rising/risen， falling/fallen， developing /developed ， changing/ changed， fading /faded， boiled/ boiling ，drowning/ drowned

China is a developing country.        (发展中的)

 America is a developed country.       （发达的）

boiling water

boiled water

fading flowers   

faded flowers

a drowning man

a drowned man 

falling leaves

fallen leaves

a retired worker

an escaped prisoner

returned students

2 作表语。如：

The news is inspiring.

3.作宾语补足语。如：

We saw the teacher making the experiment. 

注意：在see，hear，watch，fell，observe，have，notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有区别的，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束），用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。如：

I saw the girl getting on the bus. 

I saw the girl get into the car and drive off.

【注】：“have + 宾语 + 现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事；“have + 宾语 + 过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。如：

He had his clothes washed. 

（他叫别人洗了衣服。）

We had the fire burning all day. 

（我们使火燃烧了一整天。）

1.语态  时态 含义：（主动与被动，  一般时与完成时，  时间状语， 原因状语， 方式/伴随状语 ，条件状语， 结果状语，让步状语） 

2.主语一致性： 分词语态与主句主语一致

3.避免重复连词 

4.否定词位置

5.有些动词是被动结构主动含义

6.有些动词分词作为插入语

7.Being done不做状语

主语一致性    动词的现在分词和过去分词形式都可以引导一个分词短语作句子的状语。一般来说，不管用现在分词还是过去分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语都应当与句子的实际主语保持一致。如：

1.Hearing the news， his tears rolled down his face. 

When he heard the news， his tears rolled down his face.

2.Watered in time， he could grow the flower better than before.

Watering the flower in time， he could grow the flower better than before.

Watered in time， the flower could grow better than before.

A.作时间状语：

___________ (wander) through the square， I caught sight of a snake-charmer. 

While I was wandering through the square， I caught sight of a snake-charmer.

B.作原因状语： 

 _________(know) her address， we could get in touch with her. 

Because we knew her address， we could get in touch with her.

C.方式/伴随状语; 

  She watched the film， _______ (weep ) and _______ (sigh). 

She watched the film， while she wept and sighed

D.作条件状语：  ________ (play) all day， you will waste your valuable time. 

If you play all day， you will waste your valuable time.

E.作结果状语：(意料中的结果) The hunters fired， __________(shoot) one of the wolves. 

区别: 不定式表示意外的结果 

He hurried to the station， only _______ (find) the train had left. 

F.作让步状语：  ________ (rain) heavily， it cleared up very soon.

Though it rained heavily， it cleared up very soon.

1、某些表示内在品质和性能的不及物动词的非进行体形式，如：lock(锁)， open(开)， clean（弄干净， move（移动）， wash（洗）， sell（卖）， write（写）， weigh（称重）， measure（量）， read（读）， shut（关）， break（打碎）， ride（骑）， wear（穿）， add up（加起来）等等， 句中往往用物作主语，且与一个行为方式状语（常用作行为方式状语的副词有：well， easily， long， fast， smoothly， rough等等）连或用于否定，表示某物展示出的该动作的某一特性，该特性促使动作得以实现或难以实现。例如：　　

Glass breaks easily. 玻璃易打碎。　　My pen writes smoothly. 我的钢笔好写。　　This kind of car sells very well. 这种车销路很好。　　The material won’t wear. 这种材料不经久耐用。　　　　

2、某些表状态的联系动词，如 look， smell， taste， feel， sound等等，它通常以形容词作表语，一般不跟副词，不与to be连用。　　

Cotton feels soft. 棉花摸起来很柔软。　　He looks blue. 他显得神情沮丧。　　This dish tastes delicious. 这道菜味道鲜美。　　His conclusion sounded reasonable. 他的结论听起来很合理。

有些动词看似被动用主动在用法上的体现 

_____________  delicious， the soup was sold out sooner or later.

 A. To smell       B. Smelled    C. Smelt       D. Smelling

_____such heavy pollution already， it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered              B. Suffering 

    C. To suffer                       D. Suffered

被动结构主动含义(括号中是对应的主动结词）

    be seated (sit) ，   be dressed (wear)，

    be devoted to (devote sth. to )

    be involved in ，  be addicted to  

    be absorbed in ，be faced with (face/face up to) 

    be convinced (believe) ， be occupied with 

    be determined to  ， be intended for 

    based on (depending on)

    be located in  (lie in /stand in)

    be informed of (know)

对比

1.The film was made based on a true old story. 

   The film was made depending on a true old story.

2. Devoted to his research， he almost forgot everything.

  Devoting himself to his research， he almost forgot everything.

3.The woman kept her eyes fixed on her baby for quite some time.

The woman kept her eyes looking at her baby for quite some time.

分词作插入语 但是也有分词的逻辑主语与句子的实际主语不一致的情况，如：　　

分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如： 

 generally speaking一般说来，  talking of （speaking of） 说道 

 strictly speaking 严格的说 ，       judging from 从…判断 

 all things considered 从整体来看 ，  considering---  考虑到------

taking all things into consideration　全面看来 

    provided that---/  supposing that---   如果------

例如：Judging from his face， he must be ill.　从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 

____________the past， our life is becoming much better. 

Comparing with                         B. Be compared with 

C. To compare with                   D. Compared With

有些动词含义不同，同一动词两种语态

1.Considering his age， he is not fit for the job.

Considered the best detective， he was sent to track down the assassin

2. Judging from past performances， he is not likely to do very well in his exams.

Judged unpractical， the plan was abandoned.

下面考考你，看你是否已经掌握了这一点。1.____from his accent， he must be from Australia.      A.Judging                        B.Judged

2.____innocent，he was set free. 

          A.Judging             B.Judged3.____the state of mind she was in， she’d better stay at home.     

 A.Considering                B.Considered4.____most useful， English is studied by millions of people in the world.     

       A.Considering       B.Considered5._____to be the symbol of the nation， the Great Wall has been well preserved. 

A.Considering                     B.Considered 

动词三种形态比较

_________ (catch) the early bus， he got up early.

___________ (catch) the early bus， and you cannot miss the meeting.

__________ (catch) the early bus， you cannot miss the meeting.

1. ______ no bus， we had to walk home.  A. There was                              B. There being    

C. Because there being                  D.There were

2. ____， I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.  A. Time permits                    B. If time permitted   

      C. Time permitting             D. Time's permitting3._____， we all went home happily.  A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said 

    C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said  4. _____， we all went swimming in high spirits.  

     A. It being fine weather     B. It’s being fine weather   C. It was fine weather      D. It being a fine weather  

    5.__________， I had to buy a new one.  A. My dictionary losing     B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost     D. Because my dictionary lost

6. ____ production up by 60%， the company has had another excellent year.  A. As   B. For   C. With   D. Through 

7. With a lot of work ____， I have to sit up tonight.  A. do     B. doing    C. done     D. to do  

8. He stood there silently， his lips_____.  A. trembling     B. trembled     

   C. were trembling     D. were trembling  

9. _________， her suggestion is of greater value than yours.  A. All things considering         B. All things considered C. All things were considered    D. With all things were considered

16. The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.　 

have written　 B. to be written　

 C. being written　 D. written

17. There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.　

followed　 B. following　

 C. to be followed　 D. being followed

18. _______， liquids can be changed into gases.

A. Heating　 B. To be heated　 C. Heated　 D. Heat

19. The secretary worked late into the night， ___a long speech for the president. 

A. to prepare　 B. preparing　 

C. prepared　 D. was preparing　

20. ______ a reply， he decided to write again.　 

A. Not receiving　　B. Receiving not　

 C. Not having received　 D. Having not received　　

21. He wrote a letter to his sister， _________ that he would not come back.

A. saying B. to tell      C. and telling D. told

22. We must keep them _______ of what is going on here.

A. informing B. informed

      C. to inform         D. being informed

23. _____ to leave the work ______， they kept at it， _____ up until 2 o’clock.

A.Not wanting， unfinished， stayed;  

 B. Not to want， unfinishing， stayed 

C. Not wanting， unfinished， staying;

     D.Not to wanting， unfinishing， staying

25.It isn’t _______ that he failed to pass the exam.

A. surprise B. surprising

C. surprised D. to surprise

26.Climbing mountains is ______， so we all felt ______.

A. tiring， tired B. tired， tiring         

C. tiring， tiring D. tired， tired

28. Mary， you must get your room ______ today after school.

cleaned            B. Cleaning    

C. to clean     D. to be cleaned

29. Keep you mouth _______ and your eyes ________.

  A. shut， opened B. shutting， open

        C. shut， open     D. shutting， opened

30. There is a river _______ around our school.

 A. to run B. running C. run D. to be running

32. The watch ________ now is hers.

  A. repaired B. to be repaired

     C. being repaired         D. having been repaired

33. Most of the people _______ to the party were old friends.

  A. invited B. inviting

         C. to invite             D. having been invited