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Renaissance
overview
origins
characteristics
The three geniuses of Renaissance
Overview
14th–17th centuries
cultural movement
European
Beginning in Italy
literature， philosophy
art， music， politics，
science， religion，
Origins
13th century
Italy
Florence
People lost their faith in the church and began to put more focus on human beings and material possessions
Social and political structures in Italy
The unique political structures of late Middle Ages Italy have led some to theorize that its unusual social climate allowed the emergence of a rare cultural efflorescence. Italy did not exist as a political entity in the early modern period. Instead， it was divided into smaller city states and territories
Beginning of the Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance had placed human beings once more in the center of life's stage and infused thought and art with humanistic values. In time the stimulating ideas current in Italy spread to other areas and combined with indigenous developments to produce a French Renaissance， an English Renaissance， and so on.
Why the Renaissance emerged in Italy ?
It’s prosperous trade and production of handicraft .
It’s rich variety of urban social life coinciding with the emergence of more cities .
The wealth of culture passed down from the artistic and architectural heritage of Rome and the fourth was the use of Latin as a common language in the Italian society .
Cultural conditions in Florence
It has long been a matter of debate why the Renaissance began in Florence， and not elsewhere in Italy. Scholars have noted several features unique to Florentine cultural life which may have caused such a cultural movement.
Characteristics
Humanism
Art
Science
Why the Renaissance began in Florence
Many have emphasized the role played by the Medici， a banking family and later ducal ruling house， in patronizing and stimulating the arts.
Lorenzo de' Medici (1449–1492) was the catalyst for an enormous amount of arts patronage， encouraging his countrymen to commission works from Florence's leading artists， including Leonardo da Vinci， Sandro Botticelli， and Michelangelo Buonarroti.
Works by Neri di Bicci， Sandro Botticelli， Leonardo da Vinci and Filippino Lippi had been commissioned additionally by the convent di San Donato agli Scopeti of the Augustinians order in Florence.
Humanism
The humanists believed that it is important to transcend to the afterlife with a perfect mind and body.
This transcending belief can be done with education.
The purpose of humanism was to create a universal man whose person combined intellectual and physical excellence and who was capable of functioning honorably in virtually any situation.
This ideology was referred to as the uomo universale， an ancient Greco-Roman ideal. The education during Renaissance was mainly composed of ancient literature and history.
It was thought that the classics provided moral instruction and an intensive understanding of human behavior.
Art
The development of perspective was part of a wider trend towards realism in the arts.To that end， painters also developed other techniques， studying light， shadow， and， famously in the case of Leonardo da Vinci， human anatomy. Underlying these changes in artistic method， was a renewed desire to depict the beauty of nature， and to unravel the axioms of aesthetics， with the works of Leonardo， Michelangelo and Raphael representing artistic pinnacles that were to be much imitated by other artists
science
One important development was not any specific discovery， but rather the further development of the process for discovery， the scientific method.
It focused on empirical evidence， the importance of mathematics， and discarded Aristotelian science.
Early and influential proponents of these ideas included Copernicus， Galileo， and Francis Bacon.[65][66] The new scientific method led to great contributions in the fields of astronomy， physics， biology， and anatomy.
Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Raffaello Sanzio
Da Vinci《Mona Lisa》
《Mona Lisa》
Astronomy
Da Vinci take a negative view to the point:Earth is the center of the universe.His view is presented earlier than Heliocentric theory.
Meachine
He find the Friction definition by experiments.
Through his study of the birds’ wing movement，he design a Aircraft in 1493 for the first time.
Robot
He design a primary robot by dissecting bodies.Made a great contribution to the development of anatomy.
Architecture
In architecture， he also showed a remarkable talent. He designed bridges， churches， city streets and city buildings. In the design of the city streets， he separate paths and sidewalks. When designing urban architecture， it requires the height of the house and the street width.
Military
He invented the tanks， floating snowshoes， diving suits ， submarines and helicopters，Made a great contribution to the development of Military.
Michelangelo
Raphael (1483-1520)
Raphael was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition and for its visual achievement of the ideal of human grandeur.
Raphael (1483-1520)
Raphael was enormously productive， running an unusually large workshop and， despite his death at 37， leaving a large body of work. His career falls naturally into three phases and three styles.
Raphael (1483-1520)
A brilliant self-portrait drawing from his teenage years shows his precocious talent. Raphael at least worked as an assistant to Perugino from around 1500. He was evidently already much in demand even at this early stage in his career.
Raphael (1483-1520)
As earlier with Perugino and others， Raphael was able to assimilate the influence of Florentine art， whilst keeping his own developing style.
By the end of 1508， he had moved to Rome， where he lived for the rest of his life. This first of the famous "Raphael Rooms" to be painted， now always known as the Stanza della Segnatura after its use in Vasari's time， was to make a stunning impact on Roman art.
Raphael (1483-1520)
Raphael's premature death on Good Friday， which was possibly his 37th birthday， was caused by a night of excessive sex with Luti， after which he fell into a fever and， not telling his doctors that this was its cause， was given the wrong cure， which killed him.
Raphael (1483-1520)
His funeral was extremely grand， attended by large crowds. The inscription in his marble sarcophagus meaning : "Here lies Raffaello who， when alive， Nature was afraid to be won by him， when he died， she wanted to die herself".
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