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I. Importance of studying ICC
To behave as “good citizens” in the global village it is important for us to cultivate sufficient intercultural awareness; to achieve communicative competence; to study ICC.
IV. Course expectations/tasks
1.Preview the text :Looking up the new words and expressions before class; Prepare what the teacher has asked you to do.
2.Take an active part in class discussions and performances.
3. Choose and read two recommended textbooks on intercultural communication - one in Chinese and one in English.
Books Recommended:
[1] Ron Scollon Suzanne Wong Scollon :Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach ， 外语教学与研究出版社，2000*
[2] 贾玉新：《跨文化交际学》，上海外语教育出版社，1997
[3] 林大津：《跨文化交际研究》，福建人民出版社， 1996
[4] 胡文仲：《文化与交际》，外语教学与研究出版社，1997
V. Introduction to the textbook
Synopsis
This textbook gives you an understanding and appreciation of different cultures and provides you with the practical skills for improving your communication with people from other cultures. It provides excellent motivation for you through numerous compelling examples that force them to examine your own assumptions and cultural biases.
Structure
The book is divided into four interrelated parts， including 10 chapters: (Look at P.F28)
Part I introduces the study of communication and culture(Chapter1-2);
Part II examines cultural patterns of behavior and then looks at the deep structures as the basic roots of cultural behavior( Chapter3-4)
Part III puts the theory of intercultural communication into practice;(Chapter5-9);
Part IV is concerned with the improvement of intercultural communication skills(Chapter10).
Structure
The book is divided into four interrelated parts， including 10 chapters: (Look at P.F28)
Part I introduces the study of communication and culture(Chapter1-2);
Part II examines cultural patterns of behavior and then looks at the deep structures as the basic roots of cultural behavior( Chapter3-4)
Part III puts the theory of intercultural communication into practice;(Chapter5-9);
Part IV is concerned with the improvement of intercultural communication skills(Chapter10).
VI. A brief introduction to the history of the study of ICC
The Development of the Discipline
1.In 1946 ：
The US government passed the Foreign
Service Act and established the Foreign Service
Institute. The institute hired Edward T. Hall…
2.In 1959 :
The publication of the Silent Language by the American cultural anthropologist， Edward T.Hall marked the emergence of ICC.
3.In 1966: ICC was regarded as curriculum in the US.
2.In 1959 :
The publication of the Silent Language by the American cultural anthropologist， Edward T.Hall marked the emergence of ICC.
3.In 1966: ICC was regarded as curriculum in the US.
4. In 1970:
ICC was recognized as an independent area of study by the International Communication Association (国际传播学会)
5. In 1972:
The first international conference on intercultural communication was held in Japan.
6. In 1983 :
Gudykunst ，American well known scholar in ICC， edited the first text on intercultural communication theory， Intercultural Communication Theories.
7. In the 1990s
Theory construction and testing continues.
VII. The nature of the study of ICC:
Interdisciplinary:
1. Linguists :
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf and their hypothesis :the Edward Sapir-Whorf hypothesis(萨丕尔 沃尔夫假设 )
2. Anthropologists
Edward Hall and his works: The Silent Language
3. Psychologists :
Gordon Allport and his classic study， The Nature of prejudice
VIII. Approaches to the study of ICC
Three Approaches:
1.the social science approach (sometimes called functionalist approach)
2. the interpretive approach
3. the critical approach
IX. RESEARCH AREAS OF ICC.
1. IN USA， ICC RESEARCH COVERS:
1). Cultural differences and impacts on many areas;
2). Similarities and differences between different nations and cultures;
3). Intercultural contact and occasions;
4). Language and culture， bilingual education and translation;
5). Particular cultural pattern and its impact on cross_culture;
6). Non_verbal communication;
7). Cultural shock and acculturation(文化休克与文化适应);
8). Nation， race and subculture(亚文化);
9). prejudice against different nations， races and some of other countries.
2.Features of ICC research in America
3 features:
1) They are internationally， domestically oriented.
2) ICC researchers are mainly linguists， psychologists， sociologists and anthropologists.
3) Many American universities have offered ICC course
3.ICC for post graduates in America
5 aspects:
1. to teach post graduates terminologies and definitions related to ICC;
2. to require them to examine problems about a culture;
3. to enable postgraduates to meet people from various cultural backgrounds;
4. to acquaint postgraduates approaches to overcome cultural differences;
5.to require them to investigate into cultures that interest them.
4.ICC study in China
In China ICC study began as a serious discipline for study in the early 1980s，lots of scholars have studied this area. Many books and papers were written (nearly 300 papers and 20-odd books between 1981-2001李炯英 解放军外国语学院学报2002年第6期).
胡文仲: Aspects of Intercultural Communication，， 外语教学与研究出版社，1999
胡文仲: 《文化与交际》，外语教学与研究出版社，1997
胡文仲: 《跨文化交际学概论》，外语教学与研究出版 社，1999。
贾玉新：《跨文化交际学》，上海外语教育出版社，1997
林大津：《跨文化交际研究》，福建人民出版社， 1996年10月。
关世杰：《跨文化交流学》，北京大学出版社，1996
邓炎昌、刘润清："Language and Culture"1989.
Part 1 Communication and Culture
Chapter 1 Intercultural Communication Interaction in a Changing World
I. Importance of Intercultural Communication
Differences of today’s ICC and ICC of the past:
the past encounters:
confusing and hostile
Causes:
1) Lack cultural knowledge;
2)Blame the alien for the differences.
the present encounters:
more abundant and more significant.
Reasons:
1） modern means of transportation systems
2） modern means of communication systems
3） globalization of world economy
4) mass migration
2.Threefold rationale for looking at these changes :
1). As the familiar gives way to a new and different world， the entire human race is a affected.
2). Many of the events that have brought diverse groups together have been too subtle to detect and have taken place over a long period. Hence， we believe that many of them may have been overlooked.
3) By demonstrating both the quantity and quality of these changes， we might be better able to arouse your interest in intercultural communication.
II. The Quantity of Intercultural Communication
International Contacts
Three international developments that made international contact more axiomatic and pervasive:
New technology and information systems;
changes in the world population;
a shift in the word’s arena;
2. Domestic Contact
1) changes in the meaning of the word American.
2) Definition of co_culture (subculture and subgroup )
Co_culture is a culture that exists in a dominant culture in which the members， like the members of the dominant culture， share perceptions， values， modes of communication， and lifestyles that made them unique， different from the members of the dominant culture.
Approaching Intercultural Communication
The Content of Intercultural Communication
A Philosophy of Intercultural Communication
Studying Intercultural Communication
Individualism
Objectivity
Part Two Communication and Culture: The Voice and the Echo
I. About the word Communication
1）Origin: The English word “Communication ”originates from Latin word “commonis”， which means common. The concept of communication is closely connected with the meaning of commonness(共同/共享)
2) Meanings:
Some anthropologists and the authors of this book communication and culture are closely linked， the two terms are virtually synonymous.
Culture is the foundation of communication
3) Translation in Chinese:
“交际”(From the linguistic perspective ，meaning intercourse)
“沟通” (From the psychological perspective ，meaning link up )
“传播”( In mass mediem， It means methods of sending imformation by telephone… )
“交通”“传通”……
II.The definitions of communication
1.The Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary:
Communication is defined as the activity or process of giving information to other people or to other living things using signals such as speech， body movements， or radio signals. To sum it up， it is anything that adds meaning to a message. Communication is an ever-changing process and the present communications have a great impact on the communication in the future.
2.Oxford Companion to the English Language(McArthur，1993):
Communication refer to the transmission of information( a massage)between source (sender)
and reciever，by using signaling system.
3.Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information about that person's needs， desires， perceptions， knowledge， or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional， may involve conventional or unconventional signals， may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms， and may occur through spoken or other modes.
(From the website)
4.This book (P.24)
Ingredients of communication (组成交际的要素)
1.message/behavioral source(信息源/行为源)
2. encoding（编码）
3.message（信息）
4.channel（渠道）
5.receiver/recepient/responder(信息接受者/反应者)
6.decoding（译码）
7.response（反应）
8.feedback（反馈）
（ P13-15贾玉新）
Understanding Culture
I. About the word Culture
1） Origin: The English word Culture originates from the Latin colo， -ere， with its root meaning "to cultivate"， generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures
that give such activity significance.
Definitions of "culture"
Culture is a term used in confusing and contradictory ways. There is no standard definition of culture. In 1952 Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of more than 164 definitions of "culture" in Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.
Different definitions of “culture” reflect different theoretical bases for understanding， or criteria for evaluating， human activity. Anthropologists most commonly use the term “culture” to refer to the universal human capacity to classify， codify（把…编成法典） and communicate their experiences symbolically. This capacity is long been taken as a defining feature of the genus Homo.
The Modern Chinese Dictionary:
1) The total sum of material and spiritual wealth created by the mankind in the process of the social and historical development， esp，literature， art， science， education， etc.
(From this we can see culture includes everything， material and spiritural， created by human beings)
2) The ability to use the written language and possession of book knowledge .
1、 Sir Edward B. Tylor writing from the perspective of social anthropology in the UK in 1871 described culture in the following way:
“Culture or civilization， taken in its wide ethnographic（人种志研究的） sense， is that complex whole which includes knowledge， belief， art， morals， law， custom， and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
2、 More recently， the United Nations Economic， Social and Cultural Organization UNESCO (2002) described culture as follows:
"... culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual， material， intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group， and that it encompasses， in addition to art and literature， lifestyles， ways of living together， value systems， traditions and beliefs".
3.Kluckhohn’s definition:
Culture consists in patterned ways of thinking， feeling and reacting acquired and transmited mainly by symbols， constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups， including their embodiments of artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e.，historically derived and selected) ideas and esp.their attached values.
4.Hofstede’s definition:
(Culture consists of) a set mental programes that control an individual’s response in a given context.
5. Clifford Geertz’s definition:
Culture is "an historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols， a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form by means of which men communicate， perpetuate， and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life" .
6.Edward T.Hall’s definition (Refer to P.22)
7.Hoeland Frost’s definition(P.33)
8.Bates and PLog’s definition(P.33)
9.The definition of the authors (Refer to P.33)
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