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Academic writing Course Introduction Feature Practice-oriented Read more， think more and write more Major aims of writing graduation thesis The ability to select significant research questions The ability to locate and review previous research The ability to make your own analysis in research The ability to express things appropriately in English The ability to follow the scholarly style and format Learn to follow stylistic customs in academic writing， choose appropriate tense and to make your writing objective in tone and your paper coherent in structure. Example Hence， after reviewing and going through the papers and researches in this field， I notice a lack of investigation in comparing to between infinitive and preposition. Therefore， I inquire into the meanings of quiet a few phrases that could use "to" as both infinitive and preposition. During this process， a common rule that when use "to” as infinitive， the phrases always point to the straightforward meaning， while indicating extended meaning when use to as preposition. Major features of graduation thesis Narrow topic Try to write more and more about less and less Multi-sources If you copy from one person， you are stealing. If you are copying from a hundred people， you are doing research. Objective in tone No plagiarism Remember that many research papers are unsuccessful because they cover too much ground. i.e. they are too broad in scope， too shallow in treatment. Your thesis should show that you have made detailed use of several different sources. Whatever points you make should require careful sifting and comparing of evidence from different and possible conflicting sources. In academic writing， your tone and attitude towards your subject should be serious， but not ironic or flippant. Humorous， casual or conversational approaches are usually inappropriate for research paper. Avoid first-person pronouns such as I think， as I know， I believe， in my opinion… they imply uncertainty. You may use and you are encouraged to use others’ words or ideas but you are not permitted to take theirs as yours. You may quote， paraphrase， translate and summarize others’ ideas. But you need tell clearly in your paper where you take it. Course Requirements Fail if absent more than 1/3 of all classes without reasons 50% usual score 50% final exam paper writing Topic selecting Background reading Note taking thesis statement Outline First draft Final draft Bibliography Abstract format Thesis statement A thesis statement is a single sentence， usually with the topic of the paper as the grammatical subject. The present thesis attempts to explain(argue， demonstrate， analyze) that____________ because of____________， and__________. Pragmatic Metaphor The present paper attempts to apply recent theories of linguistics， systemic functional linguistics in particular， to the analysis of metaphorical use of language at the pragmatic level， i.e. “pragmatic metaphor”. The paper will first define “pragmatic metaphor” and then examine two major kinds of pragmatic metaphors: dysphemistic metaphors and euphemistic metaphors. The Comedy of Macbeth It is clear that Shakespeare creates these uneasy comic situations in Macbeth deliberately， to emphasize the absurdity of the world created by the Macbeths after they decide to murder King Duncan. Steps of paper writing 1) topic selection 2)Thesis proposal 3) data collection and evaluation 4) thesis formulation 5) Organization of ideas 6) Writing and revising of the paper 7) finalizing Overview of Academic Paper Writing: Types of thesis and their formats: 1.Empirical research paper; 2.Theoretical research paper; Formats of empirical research paper Introduction The review of related research and literature Methods of the investigation Results Discussion and interpretation Example: Teamwork in English learning I. introduction II. Literature review of teamwork 2.1 the conception of teamwork 2.2 the origin of teamwork 2.3 the development and tendency of Tw III. An attitudinal study of TW in English learning 3.1participants， research methods and material 3.2 research results IV. Suggestions for making teams efficient V. Conclusion Formats of theoretical/historical research paper Introduction Body conclusion Analysis of the Distortion of Heathcliff’s Humanity in Wuthering Heights Introduction Chapter I. The cause for Heathcliff’s distortion Chapter II. The manifestation of Heathcliff’s distortion Chapter III. The results of Heathcliff’s distortion Conclusion Paper requirements 1）make penetrating research or investigation by doing extensive and intensive reading; 2) take careful notes while reading 3) plan the paper with great care and draw a good outline with a proper thesis statement 4) follow the writing conventions and paper format strictly 5)attach meticulously and correctly made notes and bibliography to the end of the paper; 6) guard against plagiarism Class 1 Picking an Academic Topic Subjects and topics: what areas to explore? For the English majors， there are many areas for research: Language studies: including English morphology， syntax， semantics， etymology， rhetoric， stylistics， pragmatics， all branches of English linguistics and their comparisons with the Chinese counterparts. In micro-linguistics， you can do research on phonology， phonological patterns of English or how they affect sound translation in names. In syntax， possible topics include negation studies， tautology studies， and functional approach to sentence types. There are also topics in semantics， such as types of meanings， sense relations， and componential analysis. Examples On Ambitiousness in Communication in English Semantics’ Influence on Structure English Personal Pronouns: a Preliminary Textual Analysis An Inquiry into Speech Act Theory On Lexical Cohesion in Expository Writing A brief contrastive study of Chinese and English Syntax On semantic change of vocabulary The lexical features of English news headlines A superficial analysis of English intonation Loanwords to the development of English language Literary studies: including British， American， Australia， Canadian， South-African literature， comparisons between them， and their comparisons with Chinese literature. In literary analysis， there are two major elements: objective reporting and subjective analysis. Major topics of literary analysis 1. analysis of a theme 2. analysis of plot or structure 3. analysis of character and characterization 4. analysis of setting 5. analysis of language Examples Fang Hongjian- the Tragic Figure Struggling in “Fortress Besieged” Red and White-----the Dual Symbolic Colors of Tess Hester and Dimmesdale’s Attitudes towards Love and life in The Scarlet Letter On Sister Carrie’s Criticism upon American Society A Study of Tom Joad in the Grapes of Wrath Mark Twain’s Linguistic Style in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer On the Language Style of a Midsummer-Night's Dream On the Romanticism and Realism of Alice in Wonderland On the Tragicomedy of Rebecca in Vanity Fair Burns’ View on Love and Friendship The Womanism in "The Color Purple“ The Free Will and Rebellious Spirit in Paradise Lost A Study of the Themes in a Farewell to Arms example Subject William Faulkner (1897-1962 ) Topic The repetition of certain nouns in The Sound and the Fury Question What is the function of repetition in the novel? Thesis The analysis shows that the repetition of certain nouns in the novel is expressive in that it gives emphasis or emotive heightening to the repeated meaning and theme， thus striking the reader as having some deliberate and unique artistic values in the novel and reinforce the theme of the novel with an artistic touch. Translation studies: including theories and mechanics， written translation and oral interpretation; You may examine and analyze translation theories with examples; You may comment and analyze the principles or standards of translation; You may compare and contrast different theories on translation or compare and contrast different versions of translation; You may discuss and evaluate different translation methods or techniques employed when translating different kinds of texts or genres. You may study and explore the procedures and factors of translation process. Examples On Strategies of translation For Cultural Images in the English Version of dialogues in the film Crouching Tiger， Hidden Dragon Skills and the Translation of Puns in English Advertisement A comparative study of word order in English and Chinese coordinate constructions and their translations 英汉并列结构的语序对比与翻译 How to Define and Translate the Meaning of Polysemant in English-Chinese translation 英汉互译中多义词的确定及翻译 A Study of English-Chinese Translations of Movie Titles from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence 从功能对等角度研究英文电影名的汉译 Application studies: including， TESL or TEFL， and any special know-how or expertise concerning English in use; Examples The Influence of Chinese Cultural Circumstances on English Learning On the Initiative of English Learners On the Relationship between English Study and Gender Differences On the Phenomena of Negative Transference in Translation On the design of multiple-choice questions in reading comprehension The Importance of Cultural Authenticity in Teaching Materials The Application of Communicative Approach in English Class of Middle School in china Fossilization in English study Example Problem Many students complain that they cannot remember new word. Is there any problems with their course books? Literature Teaching and Learning Vocabulary—the minimum repeating times Data collection The texts in New Horizontal College English textbooks Data Analysis Statistical analysis Conclusion and paper writing International studies: including any English-speaking country’s history， geography， economy， law， foreign policy or national culture and character; Example: The Election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 SUBJECT Abraham Lincoln TOPIC Lincoln’s Views on Slavery; The Political Tactics That Lincoln Employed; Lincoln’s Psychology; Lincoln’s Marriage; QUESTION How did Lincoln， an obscure politician from the Midwest， win the crucial 1860 election against better known competitors? THESIS Lincoln was elected in 1860 because his ambiguous position on slavery attracted support from various groups who didn’t necessarily agree with one another. Cross-culture study What is also worth mentioning is cross-culture study， which is a subject inclusive of comparisons of religions， philosophies， educations， habits and customs of different countries and races， as well as means of intercultural communication. Examples On the Differences of the Marriage Concept between Chinese and American A Contrastive Analysis of Table Manners and Culture between China and Western Countries On the Differences between Chinese and Westerners in Non-language Communication Campus Catch-words and the Difference of Thinking Modes between Chinese and Foreign Students A Comparison on the Cultural differences in appellation between Chinese and English A Comparative Study of Daily Communication Discourse in Chinese and English---- From the Perspective of Cross Cultural communication 从跨文化交际角度看英汉日常交际语之异同 What topics to choose? Topic choice should live up to three standards: 1) the topic should be interesting to you at least and possibly to your audience as well; 2) it should be significant or worthwhile， with obvious potential theoretical or practical value; 3) it should be appropriate in the sense of being workable or manageable， or to be more exact， neither too broad ， or too narrow， nor too technical. A research project may last for months， you’d better find sth that can sustain your interest. If what you are writing is sth you like， you’ll find it enjoyable. But if you research is about sth you don’t care about， or even sth you dislike， these months will become a torture. Besides you own interest， you also need to think about your reader’s interest，since it is your reader that have the final say about your paper’s quality. So be a responsible writer， find a topic which is also interesting to your reader. Your topic should give you a chance to demonstrate your mastery of the knowledge of your major， because the thesis is the final formal assignment for your university education， it should demonstrate your achievement to the highest degree. The final consideration， practically， refers to whether it is possible to carry out your research. When writing the thesis， you need a large amount of reference materials such as books and journals， and you will have to finish your paper by a deadline. Most probably， during this time， you also have to think about some irrelevant but more urgent issues， such hunting for a job， preparing for examinations for postgraduates study. Given these factors， you have to make sure that you have enough knowledge， resources， time and energy to research the topic and present your findings in a decent paper. Example: How to adjust your topic: from a broad to a narrower topic 1. Shakespeare’s Tragedies Hamlet On Hamlet’s Insanity 2. Differences between Chinese and English A comparative study of Chinese and English Idioms Chinese and English Idioms: Cultural Connotations 英语长句的翻译技巧 试论英语商业合同的汉译技巧（ On the Techniques of Translating Business Contracts in English) On E-C Translation of Business Contracts How to adjust your topic: from a broad to a narrower topic Mark Twain Psychology of Mark Twain Mark Twain’s depression Expression of Mark Twain’s depression in his novels English teaching English teaching in China 20th century English teaching in China English teaching in the “cultural revolution” Exercise Narrow down the following topics to a workable size: Poetic Imagery in English literature Poetic imagery in Shakespeare’s plays Poetic imagery in Macbeth Blood imagery in Macbeth Jane Austen’s Novels Pride and Prejudice Language in Pride and prejudice Literary Language in pride and prejudice Appreciation of literary images in pride and prejudice Teaching grammar Teaching grammar at school Teaching grammar to young learners Teaching grammar to young learners in a communicative approach Teaching grammar to young learners through group activity From narrower to broader Mark Twain’s rabbits Mark Twain’s animals Mark Twain’s description of animals Symbolic Animals in Mark Twain’s Fictions Use of puns in Augustus Does His Bit(《奥古斯都尽了他的本份》) by G.B. Shaw Onomatopoeia in Wilfred Owen’s Poem “Anthem for Doomed Youth”(青春挽歌） Rhetorical devices/figures of speech exercise 从构式语法看汉语成语仿用 也谈“差不多”与“差点儿” 英语教学与跨文化交际能力的培养 A Cognitive Study of Cultural Presupposition and Its Translation On the Translation of English Film Titles How to Improve Students’ English Reading Skills A Comparative Study of Narrative Device of Movie and Novel Lolita 非英语专业学生英语写作中的错误分析 合作原则与电影艺术的表现力 The Study of Metaphor Analysis of Learner Beliefs Native English Speakers Hold in Learning Chinese A Metaphorical Analysis of Native English Speakers’ Learner Beliefs in Learning Chinese General approaches to literary analysis You can interpret You can analyze You can evaluate You can compare and contrast
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