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CHAPTER 6 Transportation 运输 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 6 Section 1 Transportation Modes Section 2 Airfreight Section 3 Motor Carriers Section 4 Pipelines Section 5 Railroads Section 6 Water Section 7 Intermodal Transportation Section 8 Transportation Specialists Section 9 Transportation Regulation Section 10 Legal Classification of Carriers Summary Key Terms Learning Objectives 1. To learn about the five modes of transportation 2. To understand trade-offs between the five modes 3. To realize the role of freight forwarders and other transportation specialists 4. To learn about different types of regulation and their influence on transportation 5. To understand the legal classification of carriers 6. To appreciate that different countries have different transportation infrastructures as well as different approaches to regulation Section 1 Transportation Modes 运输模式 Transportation Modes Transportation The actual， physical movement of goods and people between two points Is pivotal to the successful operation of any supply chain Transportation Modes Transportation influences or is influenced by: 1. Transportation costs are directly affected by the location of the firm’s plants， warehouses， vendors， retail locations， and customers. 2. Inventory requirements are influenced by the mode of transport used. Transportation Modes Transportation influences or is influenced by: 3. The transport mode selected influences the packaging required， and carrier classification rules dictate package choice 4. The type of carrier used dictates a manufacturing plant’s materials handling equipment. Transportation Modes Transportation influences or is influenced by: 5. An order-management methodology that encourages maximum consolidation of shipments between common points enables a company to give larger shipments to its carriers and take advantage of volume discounts. 6. Customer service goals influence the type and quality of carrier and carrier service selected by the seller. Transportation Modes Transportation infrastructure Transportation modes: Air， motor carrier， pipeline， rail， water Transportation Modes Intermodal transportation 联合运输 Transportation specialists运输专门公司 Transportation regulation 运输法规 Legal classification of carriers 承运人法定分类 Topology 拓扑，布局 Macroenvironmental 宏观环境的 International transportation 国际运输 Paved runways 铺设的跑道 Accommodate 容纳，提供 Wide-body aircraft 宽体飞机 Transportation Modes Benchmark 基准 Airbus空中客车(中、短程距离载客用之飞机） Jetliner 喷气客机 Long-haul international movements 长途国际飞行 Rail gauge 轨间距，两个平行轨道内侧的距离 Broad gauge rail 宽轨距轨道 Standard gauge rail 标准轨道 Narrow gauge rail 窄轨距轨道 Transportation Modes Attractiveness attributes: cost Speed Reliability Capability Capacity Flexibility Public policy can affect a mode’s performance on these attributes. Transportation Modes Ton miles: the number of tons multiplied by the number of miles transported. Freight revenues 货运收益 Construction costs 建设成本 Section 2 Airfreight 航空运输 Airfreight Tremendous speed， fastest mode of transportation particularly on the line-haul. Quite expensive Need accessorial service This adds transportation costs， transit time and handling costs. Great majority of Airfreight is belly freight Narrow-body aircraft， Wide-body aircraft， Airbus Airfreight Best suited to high-value， lower-volume products that are of a perishable nature or otherwise require urgent or time-specific delivery Use dimensional weight to determine billable weight Airfreight Products moved by air: Wearing apparel Electronic or electrical equipment Printed matter Machinery and parts Cut flowers and nursery stock Auto parts and accessories Fruits and vegetables Metal products Photographic equipment， parts， and film Airfreight The reliability of airfreight is somewhat problematic. Congestion and delays Weather conditions such as fog， snow and thunderstorms Section 3 Motor Carriers 汽车运输 Motor Carriers U.S. highway system Interstate Highway System Motor carrier industry LTL 零担运输 TL 整车运输 Motor Carriers LTL 零担运输 Less than truckload Carry shipments of many customers Operate through a system of terminals Prominent LTL carriers Is limited in the type of freight Terminal a facility where freight is shifted between vehicles Motor Carriers TL 整车运输 Physically fill a truck Of one or several customers Move directly from shipper’s location to consignee’s location Prominent TL carriers Can carry a plethora of freight types Motor Carriers Motor carriers are limited by highway weight and size restrictions. Their length of haul is mitigated by several factors. Speed limits Hours-of-service rules Motor Carriers Primary advantage for motor carriers is flexibility Weather considerations， highway congestion affect the reliability of motor carrier delivery. Motor carriers are more costly Section 4 Pipelines 管道运输 Pipelines unique mode without vehicles. Significant for several reasons No need for vehicle operators One way transportation The most reliable form of transportation Slow speed Pipelines are quite limited in the sense of products Limited delivery flexibility Capable of transporting very large product volumes Quite costly to construct， high fixed costs， Relatively low cost per unit Pipelines Slurry systems 泥浆系统 Section 5 Railroads 铁路运输 Railroads U.S. freight railroads Six attributes: capability， capacity， cost， flexibility， reliability， speed. Comparison for the five transport modes， Freight railroads: Transport many different kinds of products – capability Less flexibility than motor carriers Larger volume than air and motor – capacity Middle cost and speed of the five modes 铁路线路是由路基、桥隧建筑物和轨道组成的一个整体工程结构，是机车车辆和列出运行的基础。 包括： 固定设备：线路、车站及其他附属设备 移动设备：机车和车辆 机车 Locomotive——蒸汽机车 机车 Locomotive——内燃机车 机车 Locomotive——电力机车 车辆 Vehicle 车辆种类 （1）棚车（P） （2）敞车（C） （3）平车（N） （4）罐车（G） （5）保温车（B） （6）煤车（M） …… 棚车 敞车 平车 罐车 毒品车 Section 6 Water 水路运输 Water Freight moves by water Inland waterways， primarily rivers Minimum dredging depths Water Reliability: Weather-related conditions， such as drought， icing， flooding The waterways’ lock system waterways’ lock system Water Characteristics: unreliable Slow average speeds Inflexibility Relatively inexpensive Greatest capacity Can carry many kinds of products， focus on lower-value bulk commodities 常用的货物运输船 1、杂货船 载运各种包装、桶装、箱装和成捆等件杂货的运输船舶，又称普通货船。 杂货船应用广泛，在世界商船队中吨位总数居首位。要求良好的经济性和安全性，航速不高。 kn节的意思，1节＝1海里/小时＝1.852千米/小时。海里指地球子午线（亦称“经线”）上纬度1分的长度。 杂货船 常用的货物运输船 2、散货船 专门运输谷物、矿砂、煤炭及散装水泥等大宗散装货物的船舶。或称干散货船。 特点是运货量大、运价低、航速低，船上一般不设装卸货设备。 山海关船舶重工有限责任公司为丹麦建造的3万吨级远洋散货船图片 2008年7月，一艘5.73万吨散货船在江都市三江营造船基地顺利下水。该船是中国海运集团自主批量建造的首艘5万多吨系列散货船，将用于保障国家煤电油重要物资运输。由中海工业（江苏）有限公司与上海船舶设计研究院共同研发。能满足我国沿江沿海大部分港口、电厂、煤码头的靠泊要求，是我国电煤运输的主力船型。 散货船的类型介绍 1）好望角型散货船（Capesize bulk carrier)：指载重量在15万吨左右的散货船，该船型以运输铁矿石为主，由于尺度限制不可能通过巴拿马运河和苏伊士运河，需绕行好望角和合恩角，台湾省称之为“海岬”型。由于近年苏伊士运河当局已放宽通过运河船舶的吃水限制，多可满载通过该运河。 2）巴拿马型散货船（Panamax bulk carrier)：是指在满载情况下可以通过巴拿马运河的最大型散货船，即主要满足船舶总长不超过274.32米，型宽不超过32.30米的运河通航有关规定。根据需要调整船舶的尺度、船型及结构来改变载重量，一般在6-7.5万吨之间。 散货船的类型介绍 3）灵便型散货船（Handysize bulk carrier)：指载重量在2-5万吨左右的散货船，其中超过４万吨的船舶又被称为大灵便型散货船（Handymax bulk carrier)。干散货是海运的大宗货物，这些吨位相对较小的船舶具有较强的对航道、运河及港口的适应性，载重吨量适中，且多配有起卸货设备，营运方便灵活，吃水较浅，世界上各港口基本都可以停靠。 4）大湖型散货船（Lake bulk carrier)：是指经由圣劳伦斯水道航行于美国、加拿大交界处五大湖区的散货船，以承运煤炭、铁矿石和粮食为主。该型船尺度上要满足圣劳伦斯水道通航要求，船舶总长不超过222.50米，型宽不超过23.16米，且桥楼任何部分不得伸出船体外，吃水不得超过各大水域最大允许吃水，桅杆顶端距水面高度不得超过35.66米，一般在3万吨左右，大多配有起卸货设备。 “峰”字号系列船舶是巴拿马最大型（PANAMAX）散货船，载重量为7.4万吨，总长225.00米，型宽32.26米，型深19.20米，结构吃水14.00米。该系列船舶在江南造船（集团）有限公司建造，相继于2002年投产。该船型为单机、单浆驱动的尾机型散货船，设球艏、方尾、流线型半平衡舵。该船型是国内最早开发和建造的巴拿马最大型船舶，具有较佳航速、较低燃油消耗和较高推进效率。全船设连续的上甲板和5层艉甲板室，共设七个货舱。 高强度钢使用率不超过50%，提高了船舶抗疲劳能力，降低营运期的维修保养成本。货舱盖为液压侧开式钢质风雨密舱口盖。船舶自动化等级为AUTO-0，24小时无人机舱，可航行于世界各航区，主要运输谷物、煤炭、铁矿石等干散货。 常用的货物运输船 3、集装箱船 是载运规格统一的标准货箱货船。 特点是装卸效率高，航速较高，经济效益好。 集装箱船 2008年3月，由南通中远川崎船舶工程有限公司建造的10000TEU(标准箱)集装箱船“中远川崎48号”开始试航。该船总长349米，型宽45.6米，甲板面积有三个半足球场大，一次可装载10062个20英尺标准集装箱，是当前亚洲最大、装备最先进的超巴拿马型集装箱船之一。 常用的货物运输船 TEU：Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit的缩写。是以长度为20英尺的集装箱为国际计量单位，也称国际标准箱单位。通常用来表示船舶装载集装箱的能力，也是集装箱和港口吞吐量的重要统计、换算单位。 20英尺标准集装箱（即：长20英尺 X 宽8英尺 X 高8英尺6吋)。 Ft：foot 英尺 常用的货物运输船 4、液货船 运送散装液体的船。 要求载重吨5000t以上油船双壳与双层底， 600-5000t要求双层底。 设有水密舱口盖。油舱载重吨位是各类船舶中最大的。 沥青船 油船 常用的货物运输船 5 、滚装船 6、载驳船与驳船 7、冷藏船 8、其他船舶 滚装船 驳船 拖船 推船 Key Terms Accessorial service 补充服务 Barge 驳船 Broker 经纪人 Common carrier 公共承运人 Consignee 收货人 Contract carrier 契约承运人 Department of Transportation 美国交通部 Dimensional weight 体积计重 Key Terms Excess capacity 剩余能力 Exempt carrier 豁免承运人 Freight forwarder 货运代理人 Intermodal transportation 联合运输 Line-haul 长途运输 Parcel carriers 包裹承运人 Piggyback transportation 驮背式运输 Private carrier 自有车辆承运人 Key Terms Rail gauge 轨间距 Shippers’ associations 托运人协会 Slurry systems 泥浆系统 Surface Transportation Board 地面运输委员会 TEU 国际标准箱单位 Terminal 集散中心 Ton miles 吨英里 Transportation 运输 THE END OF CHAPTER 6 Thanks for Your Cooperation
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