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跨文化交际
责任编辑：张琛
出版日期：2011年3月
IDPN: 308-2011-06
课件章数：6
跨文化交际
Understanding Culture and Intercultural Communication
Chapter 1
Understanding Culture and
Intercultural Communication
Structure
Understanding Culture
Pre-reading
What is culture?
Case for practice
Understanding Intercultural Communication
Pre-reading
What is Intercultural Communication ?
Case for practice
Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature， but habits and customs keep them apart.
--------- Analects of Confucius
Studying a second language without learning the culture is like learning how to drive a car by studying a driver’s manual and never getting behind a steering wheel.
---------K. J. Irving
Pre-reading task
1）为什么这个中国学生在看到英国主人在给她准备的晚餐后很失望？
2）你是不是认为英国人不够客气？
首先，在中国，人们为了表示客气，通常会花好几小时时间来准备一大桌子的美味佳肴;而在英国，女主人却简单地准备了一锅的肉煮蔬菜，而且已经煮过了头；
其次，英国人不看中招待客人时的饮食是因为在他们的文化中，人们用不同的方式来表达客气，他们注重招待时间里对你的重视，会不停地找节目与话题让你不觉得被冷落，但在饮食上他们比较随意。
What is culture?
The Characteristics of Culture
Culture is holistic
Culture is coherent
Culture is constantly changeable
Culture is learned and acquired
Culture is shared and transmitted
Culture ranks what is important
Cultures furnishes attitudes
Culture dictates how to behave
Layers of Culture
Surface layer: all kinds of behaviors man
conducts.
Middle layer :criterion and sense of worth
Deep layer: basic judgment
Layers of Culture
Stages of Culture
Honeymoon Stage
Rejection Stage
Adjustment Stage
Acceptance Stage
Reentry Stage
Case 1
What remarks made by Wang shortly after Lisa’s arrival seemed to surprise her?
How did she react?
2.Did Lisa think the meal unusual?
Keys:
Lisa was surprised by Wang’s remarks denigrating his flat， he was just being politely modest and the flat was not really untidy—Lisa certainly seems to think it odd that he should say so.
She also seemed surprised and perhaps a little offended by his remark about her being tired after her walk. Wang was undoubtedly just trying to be polite by showing concern for his guest. Lisa obviously took it amiss as suggesting that she was old and weak.
Keys:
2. Yes， she did. Eight courses for one meal are too many by Western standards. As you may probably know， a Western meal normally serves one main course plus a starter and sweets or desserts.
Understanding Intercultural Communication
What is Intercultural Communication?
" cross-cultural communication" :a combination of many other fields， including anthropology， cultural studies， psychology and communication.
Intercultural communication (ICC): by Edward T. Hall in 1959 ， an interpersonal communication between members of different cultures.
Ø International communication
Ø Interethnic communication
Ø Interracial communication
Ø Interregional communication
Elements affecting intercultural communication
Ø Language: slang， jargon， dialects，
pidgin， accents
Ø Modern Technology : E-mail， SMS，
video conferencing， teleconferencing
Ø Behavioral and Mindset
* Anxiety
* Discomfort
* Fear of the “Unknown”
* Prejudice and Stereotyping
* Perceived Cultural Superiority or Ethnocentrism
* Discrimination = Racial， Sexual， Educational
Becoming Intercultural
1) Know yourself
—Biases， attitudes， opinions - know likes and dislikes; identify and deal with them.
—Identify what kind of image you portray (communication style) - ask yourself:
—Do I smile? Am I tense or at ease?
—Do I give my undivided attention?
—Do I put others down?
— Do I interrupt?
2）Use shared 'code'
— Omit slang， jargon and acronyms.
— Use day-to-day vocabulary.
3）Take time
— Don't leap to conclusions - allow other person time to finish.
— Cultivate patience - allow other person time for pauses and silences.
— Relax - keep quiet - don't chatter or babble just to fill in silences.
4）Physical and human setting
—Timing - eg One doesn't usually talk business at funerals
— Physical setting - eg One doesn't tell jokes in a Hindu temple
—Custom and past Practice - eg When to bow/shake hands/stand up.
5） Improve communication skills
— Interest - try not to bore people
— Organization - make sense， don't ramble
— Delivery - verbal and non-verbal (are you animated or sluggish; do you use your hands?)
— Message reception - be attentive
— Concentrate on explicit/be sensitive to implicit
— Be prepared to give feed-back
6）Encourage feed-back
As a gauge of successful communication allowing for correction and adjustment of message
— comfortable atmosphere
— non-verbal ie sitting relaxed
— ask questions
—carefully read response:may find that emotional support is what is needed， rather than a solution to a problem (hidden agenda).
7）Develop empathy
Reduce own ethnocentrism， learn to appreciate point of view and life orientation of others. Realize that even the most diverse cultures have some things in common. All people
— share the same planet
— desire to be free from external restraint， and
— seek to avoid stress and find some degree of happiness.
Case for Practice
Case 1
Melinda put down the pile of papers on the desk and confided to her colleagues: “I don’t think that new person in the Accounting Department is going to fit in. He does not seem to be very sociable.”
After a moment， her colleague， Tim asked why. It was the then Melinda explained that she had met the new man in Accounting downstairs near the water cooler and that she had said the usual greeting and he had merely answered “Hello” and walked off.
She went on to say that the following day， she had taken down some files to Accounting and had seen the new person and had smiled and said “Hello” again as she stopped by his desk. To her question “How’s everything?” he had responded “So-so.” Then he had looked back at his work.
“I really had to work hard to try to get him talking. I thought he was shy at first but I don’t think so. He just didn’t want to talk. I’ve decided he’s rude or there’s something very wrong with his social skills.” Melinda commented to Tim.
Tim tried to be understanding. “That’s not the right way to treat someone who’s trying to help a new person. Do you think he’s really concentrating on doing a good job and making a good impression? Maybe he’s worried about his new job.”
Melinda considered this. “Well， even if that’s so， he should know how to end a conversation politely. Just walking or looking away isn’t acceptable. It gives the wrong message.”
Questions:
1.Why was Melinda offended by the new person’s behavior?
2.What should the new person have done， even if he did not want to or have time to talk?
3.Comment on Tim’s conversation with Melinda. Is Tim giving the right message to his colleagues?
Keys:
1. Many people from western countries tend to make conversation with others， if the time is right. If others want to talk to you and you do not wish to pursue it， smiling while you walk away. So to Melinda， the new person didn’t behavior properly， he just walking away or did his own work is considered extremely rude.
2. If others try to begin a conversation with you and you do not wish to pursue it， smiling while you walk away， or nodding while you move away are far more suitable than merely not answering. And he can say sorry or make an excuse to leave or move away. Sometimes， you can use body language to help you to express your reluctance to talk.
3. For most conversations， general agreement is sought by the speakers. In social settings， argument and disagreement is not standard. Thus， it is usual to show that you agree and make supportive comments. Tim has said words agree to Melinda while giving some proper advices.
Case 2
Shao Bin， a Chinese student studying in Britain， was once invited by her British classmate Brain to his house to cook a Chinese meal. Her two Chinese friends were also invited. They busied themselves in the kitchen， making dumping while Brain did something in the garden and his wife sat on the sofa reading. Shao Bin felt a little upset for she thought that both the host and the hostess should offer to help with the kitchen work. The meal was great and everyone enjoyed themselves. The couple kept complimenting them on their cooking skills and asked for the recipe. But then after the meal， the couple just put down their chopsticks and started minding their own business， leaving the Chinese guests to clear the table and do the dishes. Shao Bin felt absolutely confused or even angry. She concluded that …
How do you comment on this Chinese girls’ experience?
Will you feel confused if you are in such situation?
If you are the host or hostess， what do you do when you entertain guests at home?
Exercises
Exercise A: Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
1.Culture shock is the term used to describe the strong reactions that many people undergo when spending an extended period of time in a culture that is very similar to their won.
2. An awareness of one’s own culture can help one to improving his/her intercultural communication.
3. Culture can be learned through proverbs， folktales， legends， myths， mass media， and so on.
4. Learning to understand people whose background is different from your own is an easy assignment.
5.Culture strongly influences your beliefs， values， and world views. But it can’t shape your relationships with your family and friends.
6. Our own native language and culture are so much a part of us that we take them for granted.
7.Everyone has a unique style of communication， but cultures determine a general style for their members.
8.In fact people mean just the same things when they talk about the culture. All researchers agree culture refers to beliefs， norms， and attitudes that are used to guide our behaviors and to solve human problems.
9.Concepts of dress， time， language， manners， nonverbal behavior， and control of the communication ebb and flow can differ significantly among cultures.
10. Culture is like an iceberg， only some of culture is visible.
KEY:
1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F
6. T 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. T
Exercise B: Discuss what value(s) the following proverbs represent.
Proverbs:
1. A man’s home is his castle.
2. Time is money.
3. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
4. When in Rome， do as the Romans do.
5. A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
6. Haste makes waste.
7. A bird is known by its note; and a man by his talk.
8. Actions speak louder than words.
9. The voice of one man is the voice of no one.
10. Modesty makes you progress; conceitedness makes you lag behind.
11. God helps those who help themselves.
12. Sweet are the uses of adversity.
KEY:
(1) Value: privacy
(2) Value: efficiency
(3) Value: encouragement
(4) Value: behavior
(5) Value: self-knowledge
(6) Value: patience
(7) Value: judgment
(8) Value: action
(9) Value: solidarity
(10) Value: modesty
(11) Value: self-help
(12) Value: adversity
Exercise C: Discuss the following questions.
1. Discuss the characteristics of the culture.
2. Discuss the culture shock.
3. Discuss elements affecting intercultural communication.
KEY: (OPEN)
Exercise D: Read the following case and point out the mistakes Zhou actually made here.
When Zhou first started going to the supermarket nearby， he was pleased that he was finding his way around and being a little more independent. He often noticed， however， that people looked strangely at him， usually in annoyance. Sometimes people muttered words at him that he knew were not particularly nice.
He spoke to his friend Kim and asked her to go with him the next time and to see for herself what he was talking about.
At the end of the shopping， Kim suggested that they both go to have some tea at a nearby shop. With Zhou’s shopping bags stacked up on the chair， Kim began to explain.
“There were some things Zhou， which I did noticed， caused some people to be annoyed.” Kim looked kindly at Zhou.
“But what? I don’t understand，” responded Zhou， “I do everything that I do back home. Nothing is very different.” Zhou said in exasperation.
“Well， I think that there are a few cultural differences that you have to get used to，” Kim went on to explain.
“Such as?”
Kim began to gently tell Zhou if the things that he had observed while they were shopping.
KEY:
Zhou left the trolley in the centre of the aisle while he rushed to pick up his things from the shelf.
Zhou didn’t queue at the meat counter. He got the person’s attention and then He asked for what he wanted. There were others waiting before he， he know.
And at the checkout counter， he was pushing his trolley up against the person in front as he hurried to put out all his groceries. There was no need to push.
Exercise E: Read the following case， and discuss the questions.
1. What advice do you think the lecturer gave to Xin Yu?
KEY: Plagiarism or unauthorized copying of other people’s work， is frowned upon in western academic institutions. And the style of study is different in so many respects is western countries. Students are expected to be far more independent in their learning study， the reliance on textbooks is minimal and wide， independent reading and research is necessary.
Independent thinking requires critical analysis and for some students it is difficult to understand that critical thinking requires a different set of skills than the skills of rote learning. The lecturer may encourage Xin Yu to think independently and not to accept what is said， but to think about possibilities and to argue and debate issues.
2. What points do you think Xin Yu talked about to his lecturer in regard to his essay?
KEY: Xin Yu may told his lecturer that he had a special effort with his essay and spent almost all of his time revising， he thought the language of the essay was the best he could write. And he had read many books and used the ideas from many important books， which he thought is important in writing his essay.
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